2016全球幸福指数报告（英文版）.pdf

WORLD HAPPINESSREPORT 2016 | VOLUME IEdited by John HenullinullenullnullRinullnulld Lnullynulld nulld Jenullnulley SnullhnullUpdate1TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Setting the Stage 2 John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jenullrey Sachnull2. The nullnulltrinulltion onullnullorld Hanullinenullnull null John Helliwell, Hainullang Hnullng and Shnull nullang null nullonullting HanullinenullnullEthicnull  The nulleatenullt Hanullinenullnullnullincinulle null Richard Layardnull Hanullinenullnulland Snulltainanulle nullnullelonullentnull Concenullnulland Enulldence null Jenullrey SachnullWORLD HAPPINESSREPORT2016 Edited nully John Helliwell, Richard Layard and Jenullrey SachnullThe World Happiness Report was written by a group of independent experts acting in their personal capacities. Any views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization, agency or program of the nullited nullations.UpdateUpdate2JOHN HELLIWELL, RICHARD LAYARD AND JEFFREY SACHSChapter 1SETTnullnullTHE STAnullJohn F. Helliwell, Canadian nullnulltitnulle nullor Adnullanced Renullarch and nullanconuller School onullEcononullcnull  nullinullernullty onullBritinull ColnullnullaRichard Layard, nullrector, nullellnulleing nullogranulle, Centre nullor Econonullc nullernullornullnce,London School onullEcononullcnulland nullolitical ScienceJeffrey D. Sachs, nullrector onullthe Earth nullnulltitnulle and the null Snulltainanulle nullnullelonullent SolnullionnullNetwornull Snullcial Adnullnullr to nullited NationnullSecretarynulleneral Ban nullnulloon on the Snulltainanullenull elonullent nullalnullWORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2016 | UPDATEnullnulltrodnulltionThe first World Happiness Report was published in April 2012, in support of the High Level Meeting at the United Nations on happiness and well-being, nullaired bnullthe nullinull Minister of nullhutannullnullinnull then we have nullnull a long wanullnullnullnulleasinglnull, happiness is nullnsidered to be the proper nullasure of sonullal progress and the goal of publinullpolinullnullThis  is the fourth World Happinullness Report, and it is different in several respenulls fronullits predenullssorsnullThese differennulls relate to tinullng, nullntent and geographnullnullnull April 201null we were alreadnullin the throes of planning for the World Happiness Report nullnull, on the assunulltion that we would have, and need, sonullwhere between 1nullnullnths and two nullars to undertanull the depth and range of researnull we wanted to nullvernullHowever we were invited to prepare a shorter report in 201nullthe World Happiness Report nullnull nulldatenullthat would be released in nullonull in Marnull 201null nullose to nullorld Happiness nullnullnullarnull 20thnull. Twelve nullnths after that we plan to release World Happiness Report nullnull, with the usual broad range of nullapters based on global researnull, this tinull innulluding separate nullapters fonullsed on two large global sub-populations, in nullina and Afrinull respenullivelnullnullnullurther plans innullude deeper analnullis of wornulllanull happiness, and the happi-ness inulllinulltions of inulligration, refugees, and transient populationsnullnulliven the short tinull available sinnull the launnull of World Happiness Report nullnull, this nulldate has onlnull three nullapters benullnd this introdunullion, one fronulleanull editornullnullapter 2, bnullnullohn Helliwell, Haifang Huang, and nullun nullang, nullntains our prinullrnullrannullngs of and enulllanations for life evaluations, signifinullntlnullenullanded this nullar to innullude analnullis of the inenullalitnullof well-being, based on the distributions of happiness levels within and anullng sonulletiesnullnullapter null bnullnullnull-ard Lanullrd, deals with the linnull between happi-ness and senulllar ethinullnullnullapter null bnullnulleffrenull nullanulls, disnullsses the nullose nullnnenullion between happiness and renullntlnullagreed upon nullustainable nullvelopnullnt nulloalsnullAt the suggestion of our nullalian hosts, and under separate editorial direnullion, we have this nullar, for the first tinull, a nullnullanion volunull nullntaining five researnull papers for presentation at the 201nulllaunnull nullnferennull in nullonullnullhe nullnull nullecial Rome nullitionnullnullour of the five papers are bnullnullalian authors, and the other reviews a varietnullof linnull between hunulln nullurishing, the nullnullon good, and nullatholinullsonullal teanullingnullnulle shall provide a brief overview of eanull after we first outline the nullntents and nullin findings of the World Happiness Report nullnull nulldatenullChapter 2: The Distribution of World Happiness (John Helliwell, Haifang Huang, and Shun Wang)null this report we give new attention to the inenullalitnullof happiness anulloss individualsnullThe distribution of world happiness is presented first bnullglobal and regional nullarts showing the distribution of answers, fronullroughlnullnull000 respondents in eanull of nullre than 1null nulluntries, to a nullestion asnullng thenullto evaluate their nullrrent lives on a ladder where 0 represents the worst possible life and 10, the best possiblenullnullor the world as a whole, the distribution is vernull nornullllnulldistributed about the nulldian answer of null with the population-weighted nullan being nullnull nullen the global population is split into ten geographinullregions, the resulting distributions varnullgreatlnullin both shape and average valuesnullnulllnulltwo regionsnullhe Middle nullst and North Afrinull, and Latin Anullrinull and the nullaribbeannullhave nullre unenullallnulldistributed happiness than does the world as a wholenullAverage levels of happiness also differ anulloss regions and nulluntriesnullA differennull of four points in average life evaluations, on a snullle that runs fronullnullro to ten, separates the ten happiest nulluntries fronullthe ten least happnullnulluntriesnullThree-nullarters of the differennulls anullng nullun-tries, and also anullng regions, are anullounted for bnulldifferennulls in sinullnullnullvariables, eanull of whinull nulldigs into a different aspenull of lifenullThe sinullfanullors are nullnullper nullpita, healthnullnullars of life enullenull-tannull, sonullal support nulls nullasured bnullhaving sonullone to nullunt on in tinulls of troublenull trust nulls nullasured bnulla pernullived absennull of nullrrup-tion in governnullnt and businessnull pernullived freedonullto nullnull life denullsions, and generositnullnulls nullasured bnullrenullnt donationsnull nullfferennulls in sonullal support, innullnulls and healthnulllife enullenullannull are the three nullst inullortant fanullorsnullnullternational differennulls in positive and nega-tive enulltions nullffenullnullare nullnull less fullnullenull-plained bnullthese sinullfanullorsnullnullen affenull nulla-sures are used as additional elenullnts in the enulllanation of life evaluations, onlnullpositive enulltions nullntribute signifinullntlnull, appearing to provide an inullortant nullannel for the effenulls of both pernullived freedonulland sonullal supportnullAnalnullis of nullanges in life evaluations fronull200null200nullto 201null201nullnullntinue to show big international differennulls in the dnullanullnull of happiness, with both the nullnullr gainers and the nullnullr losers spread anullng several regionsnullThe nullin innovation in the World Happiness Report nulldate nullnull is our fonulls on inenullalitnullnull nulle have previouslnullargued that happiness, as nullasured bnulllife evaluations, provides a broader indinulltor of hunulln welfare than do nullasures of innullnull, povertnull, health, edunulltion, and good governnullnt viewed separatelnullnullnulle now nullnull a parallel suggestion for nullasuring and address-ing inenullalitnullnullThus we argue that inenullalitnullof well-being provides a better nullasure of the distribution of welfare than is provided bnull innullnull and wealth, whinull have thus far held nullntre stage when the levels and trends of inenullalitnullare being nullnsiderednullnullirst we show that there is a wide variation anullng nulluntries and regions in their inenullalitnullof well-being, and in the enullent to whinull these inenullalities nullanged fronull200null2011 to 2012-201null null the world as a whole, in eight of the 10 global regions, and in nullre than half of the nulluntries survenulld there was a signifinullnt innullease in the inenullalitnullof happinessnullnullnullnullntrast, no global region, and fewer than one in 10 nulluntries, showed signifinullnt redunullions in happiness inenullalitnullover that periodnullnullenullnd, the nullapter shows that people do nullre about the happiness of others, and how it is distributednullnullnullnd the sinullfanullors alreadnulldisnullssed, new researnull suggests that people are signifinullntlnullhappier living in sonulleties where there is less inenullalitnullof happinessnullChapter 3: Pronullting Senulllar nullhinull  (nullnullard nullnullrd)This nullapter argues that the world needs an ethi-nulll snulltenullthat is both nullnvinnullng and inspiringnullTo supplenullnt what is seen as a global denulline in the inullanull of religious ethinull, the nullapter offers the prinnullple of the greatest happiness as one that nulln inspire and unite people fronullall banullgrounds and nullltures, and that is also in harnullnnullwith nullnullr religious traditionsnullnullut to sustain people in living good lives, nullre than a prinnullple is needednullLiving organisations are needed, innulluding those alreadnullprovided bnullnullnnullreligions, in whinull people nullet regularlnullfor uplift and nulltual supportnullTo nulleate senulllar organisations of this tnulle in addition to religious institutions is an inullortant opportunitnullto pronullte well-being in the 21stnullnturnullnullThe nullvenullnt nullown as Anullion for Happiness is used as an enullnullle to show both the need for and the power of nullllaborative anullion to design and deliver better livesnullChapter null Happiness and Sustainable Denulllopnullnullnt: Connullpts and nullnulldennull (JeffrenullSanulls)The nullar 201nullwas a watershed for hunullnitnull, with the adoption of nullustainable nullvelopnullnt nulloals nullnullsnullbnullheads of state at a spenullal sunullit at the United Nations in nulleptenuller 201null on the nullthanniversarnullof the UNnullnullustainable developnullnt is a holistinullapproanull to well-being that nulllls on sonulleties to pursue enullnonullnull sonullal, and environnullntal obnullnullives WORLD HAPPINESS REPORT 2016 | UPDATEnullin an integrated nullnnernullnullen nulluntries sin-gle-nullndedlnullpursue individual obnullnullives, sunull as enullnonullnulldevelopnullnt to the neglenull of sonullal and environnullntal obnullnullives, the results nulln be highlnulladverse for hunulln well-being, even dangerous for survivalnullMannullnulluntries in renullnt nullars have anullieved enullnonullnullgrowth at the nullst of sharplnullrising inenullalitnull, entrennulled sonullal enulllusion, and grave danullge to the natural environnullntnullThe nullnull are designed to help nulluntries to anullieve a nullre balannulld approanull, therebnullleading to higher levels of well-being for the present and future generationsnull This nullapter shows that nullasures of sustainable developnullnt, innulluding a new nullustainable nullvelopnullnt nulldenullprepared bnullthe nullustainable nullvelopnullnt nullolutions Networnull help to anullount for nulloss-nulluntrnullvariations in happiness, along the lines suggested bnullthe analnullis in nullapter 2 of this nulleportnullnull partinulllar the nullnullnulldenullhelps to anullount for nulloss-national patterns of happiness even after nullntrolling for nullnullper nullpita and unenulllonullent  nullA nullasure of nullononullnullnullree-donull as proposed bnulllibertarians, shows no sunull enulllanatornullweightnullThe evidennull suggests that indeed all three dinullnsions of sustainable devel-opnullntnullnullnonullnull sonullal, and environnullntalnullare needed to anullount for the nulloss-nulluntrnull variation in happinessnull The UN nullustainable nullvelopnullnt nullolutions Networnullhas urged the innullusion of indinulltors of nullubnullnullive nullell-being to help guide and nullasure the progress towards the nullnullnullTo this end, a letter fronullthirtnullglobal enullerts in well-being researnullnulllus national and global statistinullans with enulleriennull in nullllenulling and using these datanullas been sent to the UN nullenulletarnullnullener-al, and to the nullnullittees responsible for nullni-toring the nullnullnullThe 2null1nullSnullcial Ronull Edition  nulldited nully Jenullrey Sachnull Leonardo Becchetti and Anthony AnnettnullAs we have noted above, World Happiness Report nullnullnullpecial Rome nullition, separatelnullselenulled and edited, was prepared for the Marnull 201null launnull event in nullonullnullThe papers all have strong nullonulln linnullnullthe paper bnullAnthonnullAnnett linnull nullatholinullsonullal teanulling with the wornullof other philosophers of well-being, while the other four papers are bnullnullalian researnullers dealing with a varietnullof issues in the analnullis of well-beingnullnulle are inullenselnullgrateful to our nullonulln hosts for nulleating the launnull event, and for nullntributing a varietnullof interesting papersnullnulle provide below a brief desnulliption of eanull paper, and of its possi-ble inulllinulltions for the future developnullnt of global happiness researnullnull Chapter null nullside the nullfe Satisfanullion nulllanullbonull(nullonardo nullnullhetti, nulluisa Corrado and  Paola Sanull)The authors propose the use of a panullage of donullin nullasures of the nullalitnullof life to supple-nullnt or perhaps even replanull the overall life evaluations nullntral to the World Happiness ReportnullThenullfind that their panullage nullasure is nullre fullnullenulllained bnulla tnullinulll set of individual-level variables, and prefer it for that reasonnullThenull renullnullend, as do we, the nullllenullion of a broader range of variables that nullasure or arguablnull support various aspenulls of well-beingnullnulllnullthus nulln the snullennull of well-being be broadened and strengthenednullHowever, to nullasure overall happiness, we nullntinue to attanull nullre validitnullto peoplesnullown nulldgnullnts of the nullalitnullof their lives than to annullindenullwe nullght nullnstrunull out of possible nullnullonent nullasuresnullnullChapter 2: Hunulln nulllourishing, the Conullon nullood, and CatholinullSonullal Teanulling  (nullthonnullnullnett)This paper nullnulls three nullainullnullnullirst, hunulln beings are bnulltheir nature oriented toward broader notions of happiness that are intinulltelnulltied to the nullnullon goodnullnullenullnd, wit