2020适应差距报告（英文版）.pdf

Adaptation Gap Report 20202021 United Nations Environment Programme ISBN: 978-92-807-3834-6 Job number: DEW/2332/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communication Division, United Nations Environment Programme, P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general guidance on matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to un/Depts/Cartographic/ english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors. The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. Maps, photos and illustrations as specified Suggested citation United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2020. Nairobi. Production United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP) and the World Adaptation Science Programme (WASP). unep/adaptation-gap-report-2020 Supported by: UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEPs carbon footprintAdaptation Gap Report 2020Adaptation Gap Report 2020 IV The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) would like to thank the steering committee members, the lead and contributing authors and the project coordination team for their contribution to the development of this report. The following individuals have provided input to the report. Authors and reviewers contributed to this report in their individual capacity and their affiliations are only mentioned for identification purposes. Steering committee Edith Adera (African Development Bank), Barbara Buchner (Climate Policy Initiative), Minpeng Chen (Renmin University of China), Barney Dickson (UNEP), Vincent Gainey (Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office, Government of the United Kingdom), Jian Liu (UNEP), Anil Markandya (Basque Centre for Climate Change), Youssef Nassef (Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), Anne Olhoff (UNEP DTU Partnership), Cynthia Rosenzweig (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Columbia University), Michiel Schaeffer (Global Centre on Adaptation), Tint Thaung (The Nature Conservancy), Alberto Yanosky (Guyra Paraguay). Chapter 1. Setting the scene Lead Authors: Lars Christiansen (UNEP DTU Partnership) and Alexandre Magnan (IDDRI). Contributing Authors: Valerie Kapos (United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNEP-WCMC), Timo Leiter (Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science), Manishka De Mel (Columbia University and NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies), Annett Moehner (Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), Henry Neufeldt (UNEP DTU Partnership), Pieter Pauw (Frankfurt School of Finance over 50 million people globally have been recorded as directly affected by floods, droughts, or storms; and wildfires have raged with greater intensity in Australia, Brazil, Russia and the USA, among other countries. It is therefore more important than ever that countries make progress on adaptation. The fifth edition of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Adaptation Gap Report therefore provides an update on the current actions and emerging results of global adaptation planning, finance and implementation. All three elements are critical for tracking and assessing progress towards the global goal on adaptation. In addition to the latest literature, new analyses form the basis of the assessment. Considering the growing recognition of natures contributions to humanity, this years report focuses on nature-based solutions as key instruments for adaptation to the impacts of climate hazards. To synthesize the key findings of the report, this executive summary is grouped in three parts: status and progress of global adaptation planning, finance and implementation; planning, finance and implementation of nature-based solutions for adaptation; and outlook on the global progress of adaptation. Status and progress of global adaptation planning, finance and implementation Climate adaptation is now widely embedded in policy and planning across the world, but levels of engagement and the quality of instruments are vastly different from country to country. Adaptation action is critical to enable both public and private actors to prepare for and respond to the impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement underscores the importance of national-level adaptation planning processes by committing all countries to report on progress made. The analysis shows that most countries (72 per cent) have adopted at least one national-level adaptation planning instrument (for example, a plan, strategy, policy or law), and some countries (9 per cent) that do not currently have such an instrument in place are in the process of developing one (figure ES.1). Most developing countries have begun formulating a national adaptation plan (NAP), which is a key mechanism to strengthen the focus on adaptation. Many countries have also developed, or are in the process of developing, sectoral and subnational plans. Progress in adaptation planning is expected to continue, not least because rising climate awareness is driving the emergence of an increasing number of subnational initiatives. Analysis of adaptation planning paints a mixed picture in terms of achieving stated objectives. At the present time, we cannot assess the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation planning as there is no consensus around definitions for and approaches to assessing these aspects. We can, however, examine important dimensions that influence these aspects, namely comprehensiveness, inclusiveness, implementability, integration and monitoring and evaluation (figure ES.2). Around half of countries planning documents address risks comprehensively, include relevant stakeholders (including women) and have dedicated planning processes in place. Performance against criteria for integration across sectors (horizontal) and across governance levels (vertical) is mixed, showing fairly high horizontal but rather low vertical integration. Significantly fewer countries address the other criteria, suggesting a need for greater attention. The lack of consensus on appropriate assessment methodologies for adequate and effective planning also inhibits analysis of whether the progress made in these dimensions since 2000 is moving countries towards their adaptation objectives