中国减贫战略新行动：相对贫困指标与社会保障政策.pdf

研究简报第一期 2020年7月 中国减贫战略新行动：相对贫困指标与社会保障政策 中国国家统一贫困标准以全国居民可支配收入中位 数的40%为基准，这意味着收入水平比现行农村贫 困线高出近4倍，比城镇地区平均社会救助金（低 保，通常用来代替城镇贫困线）高出61个百分点。 与绝对贫困相比，相对贫困持续时间更长但不易受经 济增长的影响。应就明确潜在贫困人口（如因新贫困 标准落入贫困的人员）的需求展开研究。 相对贫困的治理方案应包括：完善的社会保障最低 标准；脱贫援助的积极政策；主要贫困类型；帮扶性 的再分配财政政策。 中国计划于2020年消除农村绝对贫困，并将 工作重心转向对城乡地区相对贫困的测量。 相对贫困指无力主动承担社会参与的费用、 无法从大多数人认为理当参与的活动和经历 中的生活状况。 依惯例，相对贫困的认定标准是以国民可支 配收入的中位数乘以40%、50%或60%。 国家贫困线标志着统一的贫困标准，各省、城 镇和农村地区可依情设立各自的贫困线标准。 2020 1 2 201910 32 2011 2300 350 / 2011 2005 1.25 / 2015 1.90 / 4 5 2011 1.5 2 6 7 ILO 1 8 93 1.2011 - 50% 10 60% 70% 50% 40% 11 2010 2 2017 36,396 13,432 12 134 Eurostat 2020 , 2018, (2018) & (2019) 1995-2018 44% 20% 3 14 15 1981-2008 1981-2008 4 16 85.2% 41% 60% - 40% 3.8 60% 5.7 2015 3.77 27.2% 5.5 50% 40% 17 2. 2010-2018 2020 275 18 Ravallion 2012 19 3. Gustafsson, B & Ding S. (2020) 4.6 20 (2019) 60% 9.7% 25.1% 5 21 5 5% 70% 90% 5. 60% 20147 40% 2017 26% 61% 61% 400% 40% 190% 220% 40% 2.3 1.6 50% 15% 40% 2.19 6. 2015-2019 20208 40% 23% , 22 6 23 1.3 2030 249 25 26 27 28 2030 29 30 3110 Fran Bennett, Jonathan Bradshaw, Alan Deacon, Stephen Jenkins Paul Spicker Shahrashoub Razavi Deeming, C. (2020) (Ed.) Minimum Income Standards and Reference Budgets International and Comparative Policy Perspectives. Bristol Policy Press Gustafsson, B, & Ding S. (2020). Growing into Relative Income Poverty: Urban China,1988 2013. Social Indicators Research 147(1):7394. ILO (2019) Universal Social Protection for Human Dignity, Social Justice and Sustainable Development: General Survey Concerning the Social Protection Floors. Geneva: International Labour Conference 108th Session. Walker, R. & Yang, L. (2021) Chinas move to measuring relative poverty: implications for social protection . Geneva: ILO Working Paper. 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