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Facts about Germanforeign tradeBerlin, August 20172 In 2016, Germany maintained its position as the worlds third largest exporter of goods (behind China, USA), and third largest importer (behind USA, China). Germanys share of world trade (exports and imports of goods in USD) rose to 7.44 % (2015: 7.16 %). With a share of 11.52 % in global trade, the USA was in first place again for the first time since 2012, just ahead of China (11.45 %) . With a degree of openness (imports plus exports in relation to GDP) of 84.8 %, Germany is the “most open” economy of the G7 countries and is becoming increasingly integrated into global value chains: the foreign value-added share in German exports stood at 26 % in 2011 (1995: 15 %). In 2013, over a fifth of domestic demand was covered by imports of goods and services (import dependency rate of 22.7 %). Imports accounted for 40.3 % of German exports. As Germany is highly integrated into the global economy, employment in Germany also relies heavily on open markets and international trade: nearly 30 % of jobs in Germany are directly or indirectly linked to exports; in German industry it is even more than one in two.Facts about Germanforeign trade In 2016, Germanys main trading region for the ex change of goods continued to be Europe, which accounted for 68.1 % of German exports and 68.9 % of German imports. German exports from EU countries amounted to 58.6 % (2000: 64.9 %) and imports to EU countries stood at 57.8 % (2000: 59.6 %). The shares of trade with the Eurozone totalled 36.7 % of exports and 37.6 % of imports. Over the course of time, the EU, OECD and G7 countries have lost in relative importance as trading partners for Germany, while the BRICS countries have gained in importance resulting from their increasing integration into the global economy: between 2000 and 2016, the share of German exports to the BRICS countries more than doubled (2000: 4.5 %, 2016: 10.3 %). Likewise, imports from the BRICS countries nearly doubled over the same period (2000: 8 %, 2016: 15 %). China, in particular, has become increasingly important as a trading partner for Germany: Between 2000 (1.6 %) and 2016 (6.3 %), German exports to China nearly quadrupled. This means that in 2016 China was the second most important market for German export-ers outside Europe, behind the USA (8.9 %). Exports Imports Net foreign demandTotal Goods Services Total Goods Services Total (column 14)in billion EUR1,442.21 1,197.16 245.06 1,203.46 921.9 282.37 238.76 Year-on-year changein % in billion EUR1.7 1.4 2.7 1.2 0.5 3.7 9.2 in % of GDP46.0 38.2 7.8 38.4 29.4 9.0 7.6Foreign Trade Figures in 2016 Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; data at current prices. 3Chinas share of German imports also rose significantly in the same period: from 3.5 % (2000) to 9.9 % (2016). China is thus the most important supplier for the German economy outside Europe (ahead of the USA, which has share of 6.1 %). Germanys net foreign demand rose slightly in 2016, climbing to 238.76 billion; its share in GDP remained unchanged, at 7.6 %. GDP growth in 2016 (+1.9 %) was, however, dampened by external economic develop-ments: the contribution to growth from net foreign demand was negative, standing at 0.3 percentage points. In 2016, Germanys surplus on the trade of goods was 252 billion. Visvis the EU28 countries, the surplus has increased countinously since 2013 and amounted to 61.8 % of the overall trade surplus; around a third (33.0 %) of this was generated in the Eurozone. Germany recorded the the largest trade surplus in relation to the United Kingdom (+50.4 billion or 20.0 %), the USA (+49.1 billion or 19.5 %), France (+35.6 billion or 14.1 %), Austria (+21.2 billion or 5.4 %) and the UAE (+13.7 billion or 5.4 %). Germanys highest deficits in the trade of goods were with China ( 17.7 billion or 23.0 %), Viet Nam and Ireland (each with 6.1 billion or 8.0 %), Russia (4.9 billion or 6.3 %) and the Netherlands (4.5 billion or 5.9 %). In 2016, the four largest groups of exported goods made up over 50 % of German exports: vehicles and vehicle parts (18.9 %), machinery (14.1 %), chemical products (8.9 %) and computer/electrical equipment (8.3 %). The main imported goods were vehicles and vehicle parts (11.1 %), computer/electrical equip-ment (10.8 %) and machinery (8.0 %). Low market prices pushed imports of crude oil and natural gas down to eighth place, with a 4.9 % share of imports (2010: 7.2 %, third place). As in previous years, Germanys surplus on trade in goods in 2016 was opposed by a deficit on trade in services of 21.2 billion (2015: 18.6 billion). According to World Bank data, Germany ranks third in international trade in services (exports plus imports) (USD 587.3 billion), with the USA the undisputed leader (USD 1,255.5 billion). In 2011, services accounted for 50.7 % of the value added by German gross exports (12.8 percentage points of this were created abroad). In 2016, Germanys current account surplus fell to 8.3 % of GDP, after having reached a record level of 8.5 % in 2015. Current forecasts suggest that the surplus will drop even further and fall to 7.5 % in 2017 and to around 7 % in 2018. Germany is part of the European monetary union. The total current account in the Eurozone is the only important balance in a global comparison. In 2016, the Eurozone had a current-account surplus of 3.6 % of GDP. Almost all Eurozone members contribute to this surplus.YearExports Imports Net exportsTotal Goods Services Total Goods ServicesTotal(column 14)memorandum itemsvis-vis EU member statesvis-vis third countries1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9in billion EUR2009 930.04 770.39 159.65 808.52 629.22 179.30 121.52 92.26 29.262010 1,090.09 918.34 171.75 955.98 757.20 198.79 134.10 95.04 39.072011 1,211.49 1,030.11 181.38 1,079.34 866.68 212.67 132.15 86.16 45.992012 1,268.32 1,071.42 196.89 1,100.33 871.04 229.29 167.99 78.71 89.282013 1,284.74 1,079.81 204.94 1,116.35 868.16 248.19 168.39 64.33 104.062014 1,334.83 1,114.79 220.05 1,144.11 888.27 255.84 190.73 81.75 108.982015 1,418.79 1,180.07 238.72 1,189.25 916.90 272.35 229.54 109.20 120.342016 1,442.21 1,197.16 245.06 1,203.46 921.09 282.37 238.76Exports and imports in current prices4Exports ImportsRanking Country bln. US-Dollar Share in % Ranking Country bln. US-Dollar Share in %1 PR China 2,098.2 13.2 1 USA 2,251.4 13.92 USA 1,504.9 9.4 2 PR China 1,587.4 9.83 Germany 1,454.6 9.1 3 Germany 1,054.9 6.54 Japan 1,339.7 8.4 4 United Kingdom 635.8 3.95 Netherlands 644.9 4.0 5 Japan 606.9 3.76 South Korea 569.7 3.6 6 France 573.0 3.57 Hongkong 516.7 3.2 7 Hongkong 547.3 3.48 France 501.3 3.1 8 Netherlands 503.4 3.19 United Kingdom 495.4 3.1 9 Canada 416.6 2.610 Italy 461.5 2.9 10 South Korea 406.2 2.5Total 9,586.9 60.1 Total 8,582.9 52.9EU-28 5,375.9 33.7 EU-28 5,338.6 32.9Thereof: EU-Intra trade 3,445.3 21.6 Thereof: EU-Intra trade 3,445.3 21.2EU-Extra trade 1,930.5 12.1 EU-Extra trade 1,893.2 11.7Ranking of the 10 largest trading nations (goods) in 2016Source: Federal Statistical Office of GermanySource: World Trade OrganisationYearExports Imports Net exportsTotal Goods Services Total Goods ServicesTotal(column 14)memorandum itemsvis-vis EU member statesvis-vis third countries1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Year-on-year changein % in billion EUR2009 -16.5 -18.8 -3.0 -15.8 -17.7 -8.5 -31.5 -39.8 8.22010 17.2 19.2 7.6 18.2 20.3 10.9 12.6 2.8 9.82011 11.1 12.2 5.6 12.9 14.5 7.0 -2.0 -8.9 6.92012 4.7 4.0 8.6 1.9 0.5 7.8 35.8 -7.4 43.32013 1.3 0.8 4.1 1.5 -0.3 8.2 0.4 -14.4 14.82014 3.9 3.2 7.4 2.5 2.3 3.1 22.3 17.4 4.92015 6.3 5.9 8.5 3.9 3.2 6.5 38.8 27.5 11.42016 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.2 0.5 3.7 9.2in % of GDP2009 37.8 31.3 6.5 32.9 25.6 7.3 4.9 3.8 1.22010 42.3 35.6 6.7 37.1 29.3 7.7 5.2 3.7 1.52011 44.8 38.1 6.7 39.9 32.1 7.9 4.9 3.2 1.72012 46.0 38.8 7.1 39.9 31.6 8.3 6.1 2.9 3.22013 45.5 38.2 7.3 39.5 30.7 8.8 6.0 2.3 3.72014 45.5 38.0 7.5 39.0 30.3 8.7 6.5 2.8 3.72015 46.6 38.8 7.8 39.1 30.1 8.9 7.5 3.6 4.02016 45.9 38.1 7.8 38.3 29.3 9.0 7.6Exports and imports in current prices (Continued)5in percent of total world trade02468101214161985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 GermanyUSA China United KingdomFranceIndia Brazil Italy NetherlandsJapan in percentage pointsGross domestic product (year-on-year change)Domestic UseNet foreign demand1.7 0.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.7 0.0 -0.7 1.2 0.7 3.7 3.3 1.1 -5.6 4.1 3.7 0.5 0.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Figure 1: Shares of world trade (goods) Exports and Imports on a USD basisFigure 2: Gross domestic product and contributions to growthSource: WTO; own calculationSource: Bundesbank; own calculations6in billion EuroNet tradeNet trade vis-vis Euro Area Net Trade Non-EU countriesNet trade vis-vis EU280501001502003002502005 20072006 20082003 2004 2009 2010 2011 2016201520142013 2012 in percent0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 1 Data for 2015BelgiumNetherlandsAustriaDenmarkSwitzerlandGermanyEU-28CanadaFranceItalyUnited KingdomRussia1India1China1JapanUSABrazil1Figures 3: Germanys net trade by regions (goods)Figure 4: Degree of openness Exports plus imports in relation to GDP in 2016Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculationsSource: DG ECFIN/AMECO, World Bank/WDI, own calculations7in million US-Dollar0 4002006008001,0001,2001,4001,600Goods (domestic)1995 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011Services (domestic) Goods (foreign) Services (foreign)41 %8 %7 %44 %41 %10 %10 %39 %41 %11 %10 %38 %39 %12 %12 %36 %42 %10 %12 %36 %39 %12 %11 %38 %38 %13 %13 %37 %in billion US-Dollar1 Data for 20150 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Spain India1Singapore Ireland Japan France United Kingdom Germany China USA Figure 5: Share of domestic and foreign value added in German gross final exports Figure 6: Global Revenue of trade in services 2016 Source: OECD; own calculationsSource: World Bank; own calculations8in percent0301020405060708090Export 2000 Export 2016EU-28 OECD G20 G7 BRICSin percent0201051525303540455003691215Export 2000Euro AreaEurope(without Euro Area)AsiaNAFTAMiddle East andNorthern AfricaAmerica(without NAFTA)Australia and OceaniaSub-Saharan AfricaExport 2016 Brazil China India Russia South AfricaExport 2000 Export 2016Figure 7: Regional share of German trade (exports) 2000 and 2016Figure 8: Country groups share of German trade (exports) 2000 and 2016Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculationsSource: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculations9in percent0301020405060708090Import 2000 Import 2016EU-28 OECD G20 G7 BRICSin percent020105152530354045500369121518Import 2000Euro AreaEurope(without Euro Area)AsiaNAFTAMiddle East andNorthern AfricaAmerica(without NAFTA)Australia and OceaniaSub-Saharan AfricaImport 2016Import 2000 Import 2016Brazil China India Russia South AfricaFigure 9: Regional share of German trade (imports) 2000 and 2016Figure 10: Country groups share of German trade (imports) 2000 and 2016Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculationsSource: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculations10in billion EuroShare of totalgoods imports3.7 %4.6 %4.9 %5.2 %5.2 %5.8 %7.7 %8.0 %10.8 %11.1 %These groups of goods constitute over 50 % of German imports0 20 40 60 80 100 120Other vehiclesFood and feedCrude oil and natural gasPharmaceutical andsimilar productsMetalsElectrical equipmentChemical productsMachinesData processing devices,electronic and optical devicesCars and car partsin billion EuroShare of totalgoods exports3.6 %4.2 %4.0 %4.9 %5.9 %6.3 %8.3 %8.9 %14.1 %18.9 %These groups of goods constitute over 50% of German exports0 50 100 150 200 250Rubber and plastic goodsFood and feedMetalsOther vehiclesPharmaceutical andsimilar productsElectrical equipmentData processing devices,electronic and optical devicesChemical productsMachinesCars and car partsFigure 11: Exports of the 10 most important groups of goods in 2016Figure 12: Imports of the 10 most important groups of goods in 2016Quelle: Statistisches Bundesamt; eigene Berechnungen Quelle: Statistisches Bundesamt; eigene Berechnungen11IntermediateGoods 29.4 % Capital Goods 45.7 %DurableConsumerGoods 3.0 %Non-DurableConsumerGoods 14.6 %Other Goods 4.9 %Energy 1.6 %Agricultural Goods 0.9 %Exports Imports IntermediateGoods 29.3 % Capital Goods 31.7 %DurableConsumerGoods 4.4 %Non-DurableConsumerGoods 17.2 %Other Goods 7.0 %Energy 7.1 %Agricultural Goods 3.3 %Euro area 36.7 % Europe (without Euro area) 31.4 %Asia 13.7 %NAFTA 10.6 %America (without NAFTA) 1.7 %MENA 3.9 %Subsaharan-Africa 1.1 %Australia and Oceania 0.9 %Exports Imports Euro area 37.6 % Europe (without Euro area) 31.3 %Asia 19.8 %NAFTA 7.0 %America (withoutNAFTA) 1.7 %MENA 1.1 %Subsaharan-Africa 1.1 %Australia and Oceania 0.3 %Figure 13: Exports and imports in 2016 by regions Figure 14: Exports and imports in main industrial groupings in 2016Source: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculationsSource: Federal Statistical Office of Germany; own calculations12Ranking of Germanys foreign trade partners (goods) (2016)Pos. Exports Rang ImportsCountry in 1,000 EuroShare in %Country in 1,000 EuroShare in %1 United States of America 106,918,811 8.86 1 Peoples Republic of China 93,757,333 9.822 France 101,399,018 8.40 2 Netherlands 83,590,272 8.763 United Kingdom 86,070,905 7.13 3 France 65,778,300 6.894 Netherlands 79,101,851 6.55 4 United States of America 57,823,481 6.065 Peoples Republic of China 76,108,956 6.31 5 Italy 51,774,398 5.426 Italy 61,427,305 5.09 6 Poland 46,522,177 4.877 Austria 59,787,882 4.95 7 Switzerland 43,910,129 4.608 Poland 54,797,881 4.54 8 Czech Republic 42,403,909 4.449 Switzerland 50,352,735 4.17 9 Austria 38,558,315 4.0410 Belgium 41,750,618 3.46 10 Belgium 37,892,066 3.9711 Spain 40,634,464 3.37 11 United Kingdom 35,647,022 3.7312 Czech Republic 38,281,339 3.17 12 Spain 27,771,162 2.9113 Sweden 25,057,244 2.08 13 Russian Federation 26,446,288 2.7714 Hungary 22,763,623 1.89 14 Hungary 24,987,481 2.6215 Turkey 21,946,528 1.82 15 Japan 21,951,803 2.3016 Russian Federation 21,582,550 1.79 16 Turkey 15,347,465 1.6117 Japan 18,354,008 1.52 17 Sweden 14,401,196 1.5118 Denmark 18,208,553 1.51 18 Slovakia 14,398,258 1.5119 Republic of Korea 17,246,228 1.43 19 Romania 12,493,588 1.3120 United Arab Emirates 14,553,787 1.21 20 Norway 12,488,313 1.3121 Romania 13,571,440 1.12 21 Ireland
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