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Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs 2017Table of Contents 01 18 57 34 08 04 14 26 28 30 16 31 20 54 37 22 53 39 24 50 42 47 45 02 03 04 05 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF KEY FINDINGS EXPECTATIONS OF WOMENS PROGRESS AS BUSINESS OWNERS CONCLUSION MARKET CASE STUDIES 1.1 Description of Indicator and Sources 2.1 Benchmark: Women Business Owners 5.1 New Zealand 2.2 Results of Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (2016) 5.11 Bangladesh 5.2 Australia 2.3 Component A: Womens Advancement Outcomes 5.10 Japan 5.3 China 2.4 Component B: Knowledge Assets & Financial Access 5.9 Argentina 5.4 Singapore 2.5 Component C: Supporting Entrepreneurial Conditions 5.8 Uganda 5.5 United States 5.7 Germany 5.6 United Kingdom5 1 Introduction Entrepreneurship is “any attempt at new business or new venture creation, which may include, but not limited to self-employment, creation of a new business organization, or expansion of an existing business” . It is an intrinsic part of our everyday lives, both formally and informally, and in both small and large ways. In the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Special Report on Women Entrepreneurship, the rate of womens entrepreneurship rose by 6 percent worldwide in the last two years. Furthermore, women entrepreneurs in half of the 83 economies surveyed by GEM are considered to be as innovative or more innovative than their male counterparts. Women entrepreneurs play an increasingly vital role - socially, professionally and economically - in turning developing countries into more knowledge- and innovation-driven economies. The Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) is part of our ongoing efforts to better understand and track womens progress and achievements in the business world. It has been designed to identify which factors and conditions are most conducive to closing the gender gap among business owners in an economy. The index uses 12 indicators and 25 sub-indicators to look at how 54 economies, representing 78.6 percent of the worlds female labor force, differ in terms of the level of Womens Advancement Outcomes, Knowledge Assets & Financial Access, and Supporting Entrepreneurial Factors. Women Business Owners (as % of Total Business Owners) is the benchmark indicator of the MIWE. Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) 1 Introduction7 The table below lists the 54 markets spanning five geographic (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) regions covered by the index. Market Market Code Code AUS HKG JPN KOR NZL SGP TWN CHN MYS THA BGD IND IDN PHL VNM CAN USA CHL URY ARG BRA COL CRI ECU MEX PER ISR SAU ARE DZA BWA IRN ZAF EGY TUN ETH UGA BEL CZE DNK FRA DEU HUN IRL ITA POL PRT ESP SWE CHE GBR ROU RUS TUR Income Level 1 Income Level 1 High income High income High income High income High income High income High income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Lower middle income Lower middle income Lower middle income Lower middle income Lower middle income High income High income High income High income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income High income High income High income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Lower middle income Lower middle income Low income Low income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income High income Upper middle income Upper middle income Upper middle income Stage of Development 2 Stage of Development 2 Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Factor Driven Factor Driven Factor/Efficiency Driven Factor Driven Factor Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Efficiency Driven Innovation Driven Factor/Efficiency Driven Innovation Driven Factor/Efficiency Driven Factor/Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Factor/Efficiency Driven Efficiency Driven Factor Driven Factor Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Efficiency/Innovation Driven Australia Hong Kong SAR Japan Korea New Zealand Singapore Taiwan China Malaysia Thailand Bangladesh India Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Canada United States Chile Uruguay Argentina Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Mexico Peru Israel Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Algeria Botswana Iran South Africa Egypt Tunisia Ethiopia Uganda Belgium Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Romania Russia Turkey Asia Pacific (15) North America (2) Latin America (9) Middle East & Africa (11) Europe (17) 1 World Bank GNI Per Papita Income Classifiers 2 World Economic Forum Stage Of Development Classifiers Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) 1 Introduction9 1.1 Description of Indicatorsand Sources Women Business Owners (F%T) A1. Women Business Leaders (F%T) B1. Women Borrowing or Saving for Business (F/M) % of Females/% of Males who borrowed for business % of Females/% of Males who have an account at a financial institution % of Females/% of Males who saved for business t % of Females/% of Males who have a debit card % of Females/% of Males who have a credit card A2. Women Professionals & Technical Workers (F%T) B2. Women Financial Inclusion (F/M) A3. Women Entrepreneurial Activity Rate (F/M) A4. Women Labor Force Participation (F/M) - Women Business Owners as a % of Total Business Owners - Measures the bias against women compared to men as business owners defined as owners who employ at least one employee other than themselves (International Labor Organization, 2008-2015 projected to 2016) - Women Business Leaders as a % of Total Business Leaders - Measures the bias against women compared to men as business leaders defined as general and corporate managers who manage enterprises or their internal departments on the behalf of the proprietor. (International Labor Organization, 2008-2015 projected to 2016) Composite of 2 sub-indicators of %F/%M who Borrowed or Saved for Business (World Bank, Global Findex Database, 2015) Denotes the percentage of 15+ years old female divided by % of 15+ years old male respondents who report borrowing any money in the past 12 months (by themselves or together with someone else) to start, operate, or expand a farm or business . Denotes the percentage of 15+ years old female divided by % of 15+ years old male respondents who report having an account (by themselves or together with someone else) at a bank or another type of financial institution. Denotes the percentage of 15+ years old female divided by % of 15+ years old male respondents who report saving or setting aside any money in the past 12 months to start, operate, or expand a farm or business. Denotes the percentage of 15+ years old female divided by % of 15+ years old male respondents who report having a debit card. Denotes the percentage of 15+ years old female divided by % of 15+ years old male respondents who report having a credit card. - Women Professionals & Technical Workers as a % of Total Professionals & Technical Workers - Measures the bias against women compared to men as Professionals, Associate Professionals and Technicians. (International Labor Organization, 2008-2015 projected to 2016) Composite of 3 sub-indicators of %F/%M with Financial Account , a Debit Card or a Credit Card (World Bank, Global Findex Database, 2015) - Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) of Females in the Female Working Age Population as % of TEA of Males in the Male Working Age Population - Measures the bias against women compared to men in early stage entrepreneurial activity which assesses the percent of working age population both about to start an entrepreneurial activity, and that have started one for a maximum of 3 and a half years. (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor,2009-2015) - Female Workforce Participation Rate/Male Workforce Participation Rate - Measures the bias against women compared to men in the workforce defined as the proportion of a countrys female/male working-age population that engages actively in the labor market, either by working or looking for work (International Labor Organization,2016) Benchmark Component A: Womens Advancement Outcomes Component B: Knowledge Assets and Financial Access Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Description (Source, Period) Description (Source, Period) Description (Source, Period) Description (Source, Period) 1.1 Description of Indicator and Sources Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE)11 Gender bias in access to financial services Ease of Access to Loans SME training and development programs Availability of finance programs for women Affordability of Financial Services Measures whether women and men have equal access to financial services by law or custom (OECD, Gender, Institutions and Development Database,2014) Perception of how easy it is for businesses to obtain a bank loan (World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report,2016) Existence of, geographic availability, gender equal accessibility and affordability of government or non-government programs offering Small and medium-enterprise support/development training (EIU, Womens Economic Opportunity Report,2012) Availability of outreach programs for women that target the provision of financial services, credit, financial literacy or risk management programs. (EIU, Womens Economic Opportunity Report,2012) Perceived extent that the cost of financial services (e.g., insurance, loans, trade finance) impedes business activity (World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report,2016) Indicator Description (Source, Period) B3. Support for SMEs B4. Women Tertiary Education Gross Enrollment Rate (F/M) Composite of 5 sub-indicators of Financial Support for SMEs Gross female enrollment at the tertiary level as a percentage of tertiary age group female population (female tertiary GER) divided by Gross male enrollment at the tertiary level as a percentage of tertiary age group male population (male tertiary GER) (UNESCO, 2012-2014 projected to 2016) C2. Cultural Perceptions of Women Entrepreneurs C1. Ease of Doing Business Ability of women to rise to positions of leadership Government Effectiveness Social encouragement of female entrepreneurship Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism Social acceptability of female entrepreneurship Regulatory Quality Gender bias in exposure to good business opportunities Control of Corruption Gender bias in entrepreneurial knowledge and skills C3. Quality of Governance Composite of 5 sub-indicators of cultural perceptions of womens entrepreneurial & leadership abilities Measures the gap between a particular economys business regulation environment, and the best practice (World Bank, Doing Business Database, 2016) Reflects perceptions of the ability of women to rise to positions of leadership (World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report,2015) Reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the governments commitment to such policies. Reflects perceptions of whether women are encouraged to become self-employed or start a new business (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012) Measures perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically- motivated violence, including terrorism. Reflects perceptions of whether starting a new business is a socially acceptable career option for women (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012) Reflects perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the governments commitment to such policies. Reflects perceptions of whether men and women are equally exposed to good opportunities to start a new business (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012) Reflects perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests. Reflects perceptions of whether men and women have the same level of knowledge and skills to start a new business (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012) Composite of 5 governance sub-indicators (World Bank, World Governance Indicators, 2016) Component C: Entrepreneurial Supporting Conditions Indicator Indicator Description (Source, Period) Description (Source, Period) 1.1 Description of Indicator and Sources Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE)13 C4. Entrepreneurial Supporting Factors New Business Government Programs Intellectual Property Protection Quality of the Education System Property Rights Intensity of Local Competition Composite of 5 sub-indicators on Entrepreneurial Supporting Factors Reflects perception of whether there is an adequate number of government programs for new and growing businesses (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2012) Perceived extent of intellectual property protection (WEF, Global Competitiveness Report, 2016) Perception of how well the education system meets the needs of a competitive economy (WEF, Global Competitiveness Report, 2016) Perceived extent of protection of property rights, including financial assets (WEF, Global Competitiveness Report, 2016) Perceived intensity of competition in the local markets (WEF, Global Competitiveness Report, 2016) Indicator Description (Source, Period) 1.1 Description of Indicator and Sources Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE)15 2 Overview Of Key Findings One of the key findings of the Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) is that irrespective of the wealth and level of advancement of an economy, there are unique internal market dynamics within each economy that draw out explicit entrepreneurial traits that may be very similar to, or starkly different from its regional or global peers. The results also show that markets with very supportive and favorable entrepreneurial conditions (e.g. strong SME support, high quality of governance and ease of doing bus
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