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Renewables Readiness Assessment: THE REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS SPINE SPINE Please adjust the spine base on the thickness of the inside pages. June 2015Copyright IRENA 2015 Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material featured herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation that it is subject to copyright ( IRENA), with the year of the copyright. Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject to third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use. About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international cooperation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. Acknowledgements A special thanks for their generous assistance in preparing the Renewables Readiness Assessment goes to Angeline Heine, Walter Myazoe Jr., Steve Wakefield, David Utter and David Paul as well as the many people who agreed to be interviewed by the facilitator or took part in the discussions during the RRA workshop held in Majuro. Authors: Yong Chen (IRENA), Grbz Gnl (IRENA) and Herb Wade (consultant). For further information or to provide feedback, please contact: YChenirena or publicationsirena Disclaimer This publication and the material featured herein are provided “as is”, for informational purposes. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material featured in this publication. Neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other, third-party content providers or licensors provides any warranty, including as to the accuracy, completeness, or fitness for a particular purpose or use of such material, or regarding the non- infringement of third-party rights, and they accept no responsibility or liability with regard to the use of this publication and the material featured therein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA, nor is it an endorsement of any project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS RENEWABLES READINESS ASSESSMENTGhana II Republic of Marshall Islands IIFOREWORD from the Minister of Resources and Development Renewable energy is the future of clean energy and the bona fide alternative to fossil fuels. It will be essential to reduce poverty, improve health conditions, safeguard the environment and stimulate socio-economic development. Such a future, however, is not preordained. It must be strategically supported by a framework that is sustainable, affordable and accessible to all. In 2008, the Marshall Islands experienced unprecedented increases in the costs of imported petroleum fuel and staple-food items. The global price surge forced our government to declare a state of economic emergency, with the nation no longer able to pay for the imported diesel required to generate power. This led to the endorsement of the 2009 National Energy Policy, along with the Energy Action Plan, which aims for “an improved quality of life for the people of the Marshall Islands through clean, reliable, affordable, accessible, environmentally appropriate and sustainable energy services.” This energy mandate is consistent with “Vision 2018”, the Marshall Islands Strategic Economic Development Plan for 2003-2018. Together, these have motivated our government in pursuing renewable energy development. More than 95% of our remote, outer island communities, spread out over a million square kilometers in the Pacific Ocean, now have access to clean energy through stand-alone photovoltaic systems. We intend to introduce an additional 1 megawatt of solar energy in our urban centers, reducing our dependence on fossil fuels by a further 20%. We could potentially go further by improving grid stability, reducing transmission losses and maximising energy efficiency. This Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) is instrumental, as it complements the National Energy Policy and the Energy Action Plan. It identifies specific missing links that must be addressed and essential actions to improve and sustain renewable energy services in the country. Such gaps and remedies were highlighted by energy stakeholders from the government, private sector and civil society who took part in the preparatory consultations and dialogues. Along with helping realise our national energy vision, the RRA supports Green Energy Micronesia, a sub- regional initiative that aims to reduce fossil fuel imports 20%, increase energy efficiency 30%, and increase renewable energy use 20% by 2020. On behalf of the government and people of the Marshall Islands, I wish to join others around the world in congratulating Mr. Adnan Amin on his reappointment as Director-General of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). In addition, I extend my heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to IRENA for initiating this important activity and developing the RRA report for the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands fully supports the IRENA mandate and will continue to join other countries in our global effort to promote renewable energy. Honorable Michael Konelios Minister of Resources and Development Republic of the Marshall Islands Renewables Readiness Assessment IIIGhana IV Republic of Marshall Islands IVFOREWORD from the IRENA Director-General Across the Pacific, small island states face daunting costs for fuel imports and recurrent risk from global oil price volatility. The Republic of the Marshall Islands has resolved to improve its energy security and contribute to combatting climate change based on a balanced portfolio of indigenous renewable energy resources. The countrys Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA), undertaken in co-operation with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), has produced a holistic evaluation of the current condition of the sector and identified key actions that can be taken to overcome barriers to increased renewable energy deployment. This is a country-led process, with IRENA providing technical support and expertise to facilitate consultations among different national stakeholders. Since 2011, more than 20 countries in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Asia-Pacific region have undertaken the RRA process, which generates knowledge of best practices and supports international co-operation towards the accelerated deployment of renewable energy technologies. The Marshall Islands, a strong and consistent supporter of IRENAs mission, is one of those countries. To develop grid-connected renewable power, the country will need a well-articulated action plan, including provisions for financing and training. For off-grid systems, the key challenge remains the sustainability of operation and maintenance, particularly with solar photovoltaics (PV). Each outer island will need the institutional framework for rural electrification, as well as training programmes to deliver expertise to villagers assigned to maintenance. Converting existing diesel-powered mini-grids to solar PV can help to address the serious problem of fuel-drum leakage on outer islands. In addition, coconut oil a plentiful, indigenous Pacific bioenergy source could be expressed from freshly harvested copra at small-scale local production mills. IRENA wishes to thank the Honorable Michael Konelios and his energy planning team at the Ministry of Resources and Development for their strong and valuable support. Their extraordinary contribution is much appreciated as we work towards facilitating further RRAs in the Pacific and beyond. I sincerely hope that the outcomes of the consultations will strengthen the Marshall Islands pursuit of accelerated renewable energy deployment. IRENA stands ready to provide continuing support in implementing the actions identified, as the country strives to progress toward a sustainable energy future. Adnan Z. Amin Director-General, IRENA Renewables Readiness Assessment VGhana VI Republic of Marshall Islands VITABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES IX ABBREVIATIONS X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XI I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Country background 1 1.2 Renewables Readiness Assessment 2 II. OVERVIEW OF THE ENERGY SECTOR 3 2.1 Primary energy supply 3 2.2 Renewable energy sources and potential 8 2.3 Energy policy and institutions 11 III. SCALING UP RENEWABLE ENERGY: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 3.1 Institutional development and legislation 15 3.2 Grid-connected renewables 16 3.3 Off-grid renewables 19 3.4 Diesel powered mini-grid conversion to solar PV systems 21 3.5 Replacing diesel with coconut oil 21 IV. PROPOSED PROJECT ACTIVITIES 23 V. REFERENCES 29 ANNEX 30 Renewables Readiness Assessment VIIGhana VIII Republic of Marshall Islands VIIILIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Geographic location of the Republic of the Marshall Islands 01 Figure 2 Electricity consumers by sector on Majuro 2012-2013 05 Figure 3 Majuros average solar resource (kWh/m 2 /day) 11 Figure 4 Institutional structure for energy development 13 Figure 5 Articulation of the proposed actions 16 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Diesel power grids 04 Table 2 The 2013 tariff structure 05 Table 3 Rural solar power systems - 2014 07 Table 4 Solar for off-grid schools (kW) 08 Table 5 Copra production 09 Renewables Readiness Assessment IXADB Asian Development Bank ADMIRE Action for the Development of Marshall Islands Renewable Energies EU European Union GDP Gross domestic product IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency JICA Japan International Co-operation Agency KAJUR Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources kWh kilowatt-hour kWp kilowatt-peak LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MEC The Marshalls Energy Company MRD Ministry of Resources and Development t tonne (metric) MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt-hour OTEC ocean thermal energy conversion O legislate the responsibility and authority needed to establish and enforce standards for renewable energy systems generating electricity for public use. b. Establish an energy working committee. This would co-ordinate renewable energy implementation and review any national design standards proposed for renewable energy installations. It would propose training programmes supporting renewable energy development available at the College of the Marshall Islands or other educational institutions, and serve as a forum on renewable energy in the RMI. 2. An articulated action plan using a systems approach should be adopted for grid-connected renewables development. The following actions should be taken: a. Prepare a dynamic computer model of the grid to help MEC predict the effect of individual on-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems on the power quality of feeders and low voltage distribution lines. b. Develop and enforce standardised technical design, installation and interconnection requirements. c. Design workable financing schemes following the model in Palau. d. Design effective capacity building programmes and also roll them out by training trainers. The training programme should be designed to meet local needs. 3. The key challenges facing off-grid renewable energy still relate to long-term operation and maintenance (O KEMA, 2010). Apart from managing electrical operations, KAJUR also operates Ebeyes water and sewage systems. Ebeyes grid is very compact, serving only a single islet of 80 acres (32.4 hectares). With around 15,000 inhabitants, it is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. As a result, KAJUR has very short power lines and correspondingly low transmission and distribution losses. It has a relatively level load, and engines that are still efficient. In 2013, the peak load for the Ebeye grid was 2.2 MW. Its total generation was 15,336 megawatt-hours (MWh) and it used 978,376 gallons (3.704 megalitres) of diesel fuel at an average cost of USD 3.99/gallon (USD 1.05/litre). As noted in table 1, the other grids in the RMI are very small, with a combined average load of about 500 kW. Local governments on several rural atolls, such as Kili, manage mini-grids providing electricity to homes close to local government centres. If requested, MEC will provide technical assistance, at a cost, to support the operation of these diesel mini-grids. The capital island of Majuro is home to 52% of RMI inhabitants according to the 2011 RMI Census (Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office, and Office of the President, 2012). It is composed of numerous small islets connected through causeways, creating a narrow, 30 mile (48 km) long, densely populated strip of low-lying land. The MEC main grid therefore has long transmission and distribution lines extending from its single, centrally located power plant. Those lines are operating at close to capacity and experiencing high transmission and distribution losses. MEC also uses outdated, heavily de-rated diesel engines to operate close to its available capacity. At present, none of these can be taken off stream for maintenance except at off-peak times. One engine is 60,000 operation hours behind its scheduled service date. Should it break down, rolling blackouts will be necessary at peak load periods. As a result, overall fuel efficiency is not high, and system reliability is also a concern. Although power reliability has improved over the recent years, the system is still operating close to its upper limits, and power outages remain a problem. Periods of Table 1: Diesel power grids Islands Average load (MW) Number of households Majuro 7.0 3 600 Ebeye 1.8 1 200 Wotje 0.08 110 Jaluit 0.09 105 Kili 0.45 110 Others 0.1 Total capacity (MW) 9.52 5,125 Source: Data from MEC and KAJUR, 2014 Republic of Marshall Islands 4rolling blackouts now occur when there are engine problems, and the situation is likely to continue until sufficient capacity can be restored. A team funded by the Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) carried out a detailed study of the Majuro grid with results available from 2015. In September 2012 - October 201
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