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WORKING TOGETHER: INTEGRATION, INSTITUTIONS AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS World Public Sector Report 2018 Economicand the role of government, public institutions and the public service in fostering sustainable development. United Nations Published by the United Nations April 2018 ISBN: 978-92-1-123207-3 eISBN: 978-92-1-363316-8Department of Economic and Social Affairs WORKING TOGETHER: INTEGRATION, INSTITUTIONS AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS World Public Sector Report 2018 United Nations New York, 2018 publicadministration.un DESA Mission Statement The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres of sustainable development and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Disclaimer The terms country and economy as used in this Report refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In addition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience and do not express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Major country groupings referred to in this report are informed by the classification of the United Nations Statistical Division. Reference to companies and their activities should not be construed as an endorsement by the United Nations of those companies or their activities. The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication do not imply official endorsement of acceptance by the United Nations. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its senior management, or of the experts whose contributions are acknowledged. Copyright United Nations, 2018. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. Publication No.: ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/200 ISBN: 978-92-1-123207-3 eISBN: 978-92-1-363316-8 Sales no.: E.18.II.H.1 Suggested citation: United Nations, 2018, Working Together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals, World Public Sector Report 2018, Division for Public Administration and Development Management, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (DPADM), New York, April. Website: publicadministration.un Printed at the United Nations, New YorkWorking together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals | iii Acknowledgements Authors The 2018 World Public Sector Report was prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations (UNDESA), through its Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM). The report was prepared under the responsibility of Marion Barthlemy, by a team of United Nations staff led by David Le Blanc. The team comprised Peride K. Blind, Xinxin Cai, Aranzazu Guillan Montero, Seok-Ran Kim, Wai-Min Kwok, Jan-Willem Lammens, David Lungaho and Valentina Resta. DPADM interns Guillaume Allusson, Matthew Donaghy, Xinchong Cao, Abby El-Shafei, Rafia Farooqui, Liwang Huang, Shiqi Ma, Selen zdogan, Natalia Pea, Yuchen Yang provided research support. Mary-Stacy Keith-Reibell provided administrative and document support. The coordinators for the chapters were: David le Blanc (Chapter 1), Seok-Ran Kim (Chapter 2), Aranzazu Guillan Montero (Chapter 3, Chapter 4), Peride K. Blind (Chapter 5), Wai Min Kwok (Chapter 6) and Valentina Resta (Chapter 7). The report benefitted from two Expert Group Meetings that were organised by the Division for Public Administration and Development Management on 25-26 October 2017 (chapter 7) and 1-2 November 2017 (chapter 5) in New York. Peer reviewers Chapter 1: Nathalie Risse (International institute for Sustainable Development). Chapter 2: Ernesto Soria Morales, Sara Fyson (OECD), Nina Hall (University of Queensland), Fredrich Soltau (UNDESA). Chapter 3: Paul Smoke (New York University), Diana A. Lopez Cara mazana (UN Habitat). Chapter 4: Felix Dodds ( Global Res earch Institute, University of North Carolina), Irena Zubcevic (UNDESA), Nathalie Riss e (Inte rnational i nstitute for Sustainable De velopment). Chapter 5: Cristina Rodriguez Acosta (Florida International University), Marla Asis (Scalibrini Center, Philippines), Alexandre Betts (Oxford University), Ioannis Grigoriadis (Bilkent University, Turkey), Sabine Kuhlmann (University of Potsdam, Germany), Marie McAuliffe (IOM, Geneva), Sonia Plaza (World Bank). Chapter 6: Paulo Gadelha (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), Charles Ebikeme (International Council for Science- ICSU), Wang Xingquan (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences), World Health Organization. Chapter 7: Jairo Acua-Alfaro (UNDP), Carmen Rosa De Len Escribano (IEPADES), Peter Mae (Ministry of National Unity Reconciliation and Peace, Solomon Islands), Fatiha Serour (Serour Associates for Inclusion and Equity); Marika Theros (The Institute for State Effectiveness). Inputs for the report were received from the following organizations and individuals. Contributing organizations Consell Assessor per al Desenvolupament Sostenible, Generalitat de Catalunya; International Budget Partnership; INTOSAI Development Initiative (IDI); DFG-Research Training Group “Wicked Problems, Contested Administrations: Knowledge, Coordination, Strategy”; Local Government of Santa Fe, Argentina; RENDLE; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); University of Potsdam; United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG); UNDESA (Population Division, Statistics Division); UN Habitat; UNRISD. Contributing individuals Jairo Acua-Alfaro (UNDP); Alzira Agostini Haddad (Municipality of So Joo del Rei, Brazil); Tarik Alami (UN ESCWA); Kaisa Antikainen (WFP); Husam Al-Sharjabi Abdulhabib Saif (National Authority for Monitoring the Decisions of the National Dialogue, Yemen); Sami Areikat (UNDESA); Paige Arthur (CIC, New York University); iv | World Public Sector Report 2018 Khalid Bahauddin (IRDR China); Juan Carlos Barboza Sanchez (General Comptroller of Costa Rica), Begoa Benito (GAIA); Alexander Betts (Oxford University); Livia Bizikova (International Institute for Sustainable Development); Julie Blocher (UNU); Henk-Jan Brinkman (UN PBSO); Valentina Caldern-Meja (UN ESCWA); Fernando Cant (UN ESCWA); Youssef Chaitani (UNESCWA); Yu Ping Chan (UNODC); and Manuel Corrales Umana General Comptroller of Costa Rica), Scarlet Cronin (Tent Foundation); Carmen Rosa De Len Escribano (IEPADES); Dirk Druet (UN DPA); Omar El Hefnawy (Georgetown University); Erica Figueroa (City of Santa Fe, Argentina); Luiz Eduardo Fonseca (Centro de Relaes Internacionais em Sade CRIS); Sarah Freedman (University of California, Berkeley); Jokin Garatea (GAIA); Thomas Gass (UNDESA); Peter Gluckman (Chief Science Advisor, New Zealand); Kieran Gorman-Best (IOM); Ulrich Graute (Independent consultant); Ioannis Grigoriadis (Bilkent University); Waleska Guerrero Lemus (Siemens); Nina Hall (University of Queensland); Kai Harbrich (University of Potsdam); Sabine Henning (UNDESA); Muhammad Hanif Uddin (North South University, Bangladesh); Peter Hill (University of Queensland); Nayma Iftakhar (KDI School of Public Policy and Management); John-Mary Kauzya (UNDESA); Patrick Keuleers (UNDP); Faheem Khan (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Kemal Kirici (Brookings Institute); Amara Konneh (the World Bank); Petya Koralova (Todor Kableshkov Higher School of Transport); Sabine Kuhlmann (University of Potsdam); Mathew Kurian (UNU-FLORES); Georges Labaki (ENA Liban); Michelle Leighton (ILO); Carlos E. Lustosa da Costa (Tribunal de Contas da Unio, Brazil); Martina Lubyova (Centre for Social and Psychological Research SAS); Peter Mae (Ministry of National Unity Reconciliation and Peace, Solomon Islands); Param Maragatham (Women Major Group); Jeremy Marand (UN ESCAP); Erin McCandless (The New School); Ruth Meinzen-Dick (International Food Policy Research Institute); Amin Mohsen (UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations); Alessandro Motter (International Parliamentary Union); Jean De Dieu Musabyimana (University of Louvain); Shteryo Nozharov (University of National and World Economy); Guliya Nurlibayeva (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Sulaiman Olnrewaju Oladokun (University Malaysia Terengganu); Edoardo Ongaro (Open University); Andr Francisco Pilon (International Academy of Science, Health and Ecology); Sonia Plaza (World Bank); Golam Rasul (ICIMOD); Simon Reid (University of Queensland); Matthias Reister (UNDESA); Claudia Ringler (International Food Policy Research Institute); Nathalie Risse (international consultant); Cristina Rodriguez- Acosta (Florida International University); Alfredo Rodriguez-Berzosa (TARAGAZA); Liliana Rodriguez Sanchez (Comptroller General of Colombia); Gay Rosenblum-Kumar (UN Conflict Prevention); Lanre Rotimi (NEHMAP); Sibel Selcuk (UNDESA); Jessica Serraris (UN Peace Operations); Fatiha Serour (Serour Associates for Inclusion and Equity); Ruzanna Tarverdyan (Geneva Consensus Foundation); Sten Thore (University of Texas); Sunil Thawani (Quality Indeed Consulting Services); Marika Theros (The Institute for State Effectiveness); John Wilmoth (UNDESA).Working together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals | v World Public Sector Report 2018 Summary for policy makers Two years ago, Member States of the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which ambitions to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development by 2030. The Agenda emphasizes the importance of the interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Acknowledging possible synergies and trade-offs between the sustainable development goals and targets will make it much easier to achieve the SDGs. It will enhance allocation of resources and help avoid unwanted side effects of actions aiming to accelerate progress in one area on the realization of targets in other areas. It will support more balanced development trajectories by ensuring more coherent action on various dimensions of sustainable development. It is recognized that the national level will be critical for the achievement of the Goals. At the national level, understanding how to adapt institutional frameworks to deliver integrated policies that effectively address existing interlinkages among the SDGs will be critical to achieving progress; it will also have important implications for national public administrations and public service. Broadly speaking, promoting integration implies finding ways to foster cooperation and common approaches among institutions at all levels dealing with closely interrelated issues. This may entail putting in place adequate institutional arrangements, public administration practices, mechanisms, capacities, budgetary arrangements and resources. It also encompasses various modalities of engagement of non-state stakeholders in decision-making. Defining and measuring integration Broadly speaking, policy integration concerns “the management of cross-cutting issues in policy-making that transcend the boundaries of established policy fields and do not correspond to the institutional responsibilities of individual departments”. The term “integration” itself is used in at least three slightly different meaning in the literature. The first and most common usage refers to integration as a variable or dimension, with policies in specific issue areas being more or less integrated or coherent. In this respect, integration is a continuum, which goes from least coherent to fully coherent. Alternatively, integration can refer to the process of making policy around a specific issue more coherent. Lastly, integration can also refer to the ideal of policies that achieve a high or the highest degree of coherence. A variety of related concepts and terms are often used in the literature. Figure E.1. Degrees in policy integration and related concepts Collaboration (cooperation) Coordination (joined-up government) Integrated policy-making Level of integration Source: Stead and Meijers ( 2009).vi | World Public Sector Report 2018 The World Public Sector Report 2018 aims to inform efforts by all countries to foster policy integration for the SDGs, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that exist for public institutions and public administration. It illustrates how different types of interlinkages that exist among the SDGs can be addressed from an institutional perspective, based on examples. Through this, the report aims to sketch areas where public institutions need to work closely together; the types of tools that can be used to this effect; and the broader implications for public institutions and public service. The report aims to assist national policy makers, especially those working in institutions entrusted with SDG implementation as well as in planning, finance and sector ministries and in local governments, to implement the SDGs in an integrated fashion. In this report, the term “integration” is considered in a broad sense. Integrated policy-making is used to refer to policy processes that: (i) systematically identify relevant and important linkages of issues across the SDGs and consider those linkages in design of policies; (ii) are consistent across scales of implementation (and in particular, from the local to the national); (iii) involve the relevant stakeholders in design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation; and (iv) provide adequate resources for implementation at all relevant levels. To analyse integration efforts from an institutional perspective, this report
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