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i GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES UNITED NATIONS E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2018 GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIESGEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES iii GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES UNITED NATIONS E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2018 Department of Economic and Social Affairs GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES UNITED NATIONS New York, 2018 publicadministration.unGEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES ii United Nations Department of Economic and Social Aairs The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint course of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations “developed” and “developing” economics are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily imply a judgment about the state reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The term “dollar” normally refers to the United States dollar ($). The views expressed are those of the individual authors and do not imply any expression of opinion on the part of the United Nations. Copyright United Nations, 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission. ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/212 Sales no.: E.18.II.H.2 ISBN: 978-92-1- 123208-0 eISBN: 978-92-1- 047227-2 United Nations E-Government Surveys: 2018 Gearing E-Government to support transformation towards sustainable and resilient societies 2016 E-Government for Sustainable Development 2014 E-Government for the Future We Want 2012 E-Government for the People 2010 Leveraging E-Government at a Time of Financial and Economic Crisis 2008 From E-Government to Connected Governance 2005 From E-Government to E-Inclusion 2004 Towards Access for Opportunity 2003 World Public Sector Report: E-Government at the Crossroads 2001 Benchmarking E-Government: A Global Perspective Website: publicadministration.un Layout at the United Nations, Nairobi Printed at the United Nations, New Yorkiii GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES Foreword To full the far-reaching potential of the transformative 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, technologies must be used innovatively to ensure that the Sustainable Development Goals are met on time. We are at a critical juncture, in the middle of a digital revolution that is not just about technologies, but also about the centrality of people and the planet. We are witnessing the simultaneous proliferation of big data, articial intelligence, data science, blockchain, robotics and other frontier and fast- emerging technologies. These frontier technologies are building on and amplifying one another, affecting everything from our food systems, water and sanitation, energy, to education, health care and social services. In particular, digital government has ushered in signicant and enduring changes in the way people live and interact with each other, their environment, and public services. The 2018 Survey highlights a persistent positive global trend towards higher levels of e-government development. It examines how digital technologies and innovations are impacting the public sector and changing peoples everyday lives. As evidenced by the survey assessment and case studies, exploiting digital government has far-reaching potential for countries, not just in improving institutional processes and workows for greater efcacy and effectiveness of public service delivery, but also in ensuring inclusion, participation and accountability to leave no one behind. However, connectivity and access to new technologies remain elusive for some regions and countries, especially the most vulnerable, in particular the African countries, the least developed countries, small island developing States and the landlocked developing countries. In addition, there is a need to consider the inherent new and unprecedented risks. Without careful design application and oversight, articial intelligence tools could harm vulnerable populations, reinforce existing inequalities, widen digital divides and adversely affect jobs and economies, as well as privacy, denial of service and other cybersecurity issues also examined in the 2018 Survey. It is therefore also important to develop a tailored capacity training programme to create new public policy, science ethic and data scientist professions to strengthen institutional capacities of countries in deploying digital government and digital services. LIU Zhenmin Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs United NationsGEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES iv Acknowledgements The 2018 United Nations E-Government Survey is the product of collective efforts of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Division for Public Institutions and Digital Government (DPIDG), formerly named as the Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM), working together with UN Regional Commissions and other UN agencies, as well as several international experts, researchers and related organizations. In particular, the following are acknowledged for their specic roles in its production. Preparation of the publication was undertaken by a group of senior e-government researchers and advisers under the guidance of Vincenzo Aquaro, the Chief of Digital Government Branch and Marion Barthlemy, former Director of DPADM and then reviewed and nalized under the overall guidance of Vincenzo Aquaro and Stefan Schweinfest, Ofcer-in-Charge of DPIDG. The Data Management Team was overseen by Vincenzo Aquaro. Deniz Susar, Governance and Public Administration Ofcer , managed the data collection, Survey research and analytical work, with support from Stella Simpas, Rosanne Greco, Madeleine Losch and Enkel Daljani, Programme Assistants, and Lydia Gatan, Staff Assistant. Wai Min Kwok, Senior Governance and Public Administration Ofcer, Elida Reci, Governance and Public Administration Ofcer and Arpine Korekyan, Governance and Public Administration Ofcer, provided support in the data analysis and verication. The 2018 Survey included considerable contribution in data collection and preparation of chapters from experts from the following UN organisations and academia: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacic (ESCAP) and the United Nations University Operating Unit on Policy-Driven Electronic Governance (UNU-EGOV). Chapter 1 was prepared by Jeremy Millard, with substantive contributions of Vincenzo Aquaro and Wai Min Kwok, with Arpine Korekyan acting as focal point (FP) and nal peer reviewer for that chapter. David Le Blanc, Chief of Institution for SDGs Branch, Aranzazu Guilln Montero, Senior Governance and Public Administration Ofcer and Maria Stefania Senese, Governance and Public Administration Ofcer provided cases and inputs to the chapter. Chapter 2 was prepared by Kim Andreasson, with Wai Min Kwok as FP and peer-reviewer; Chapter 3 by Atsuko Okuda, Chief of Information and Communications Technology and Development Section; Sanjay Srivastava, Chief, Disaster Risk Reduction Section; Keran Wang, Chief, Space Applications Section; Siope Vakataki Ofa, Economic Affairs Ofcer, of ICTDRRD of ESCAP, with Peride Blind, Governance and Public Administration Ofcer, as FP and nal peer reviewer. Chapter 4 was prepared by Mr. Marco Obiso, Head, Mr. Maxim Kushtuev, Project administrator and Miss Grace Acayo, Cybersecurity Chapter 5 by Vincenzo Aquaro, Arpine Korekyan and Deniz Susar, with Deniz Susar also as FP; Chapter 6 by Deniz Susar, with Arpine Korekyan as FP; Chapter 7 by Delna Soares, Head, UNU-EGOV; Demetrious Sarantis, Postdoctoral Fellow and Mariana Lameiras, Postdoctoral Fellow, of UNU-EGOV, Demetrios, with the substantive contribution of Vincenzo Aquaro and Deniz Susar; the latter also as FP; Chapter 8 by Wendy Carrara, with Elida Reci as FP and substantive contribution from Dinand Tinholt, Vice President, Capgemini Consulting (ICT Mega Trends), Vincenzo Aquaro and Deniz Susar. The Annexes and the Methodology section were drafted by Vincenzo Aquaro and Deniz Susar, supported by external consultants Elena Garuccio, serving as a Data Statistician, and assisted by Enkel Daljani. Beth Flanders, Lydia Debbie Gatan undertook the editorial revision of the Survey with Rachael Purcell Research Assistant and Huichun Li Team Assistant providing invaluable support. The 2018 Survey beneted from the advice and guidance of experts who took part in two Expert Group Meetings (EGM) to review the Surveys themes and methodology; from the outcomes of v GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES an external Ex-Post-Facto evaluation report titled “Adapting the Sustainable Development Goals” UN E-Government Survey for the period 2001-2016” carried out by Edward M. Roche, Director of Scientic Intelligence Barraclough New York LLC; and from an informal advisory working group established by DPIDG in support of the preparation for the Survey. The rst EGM was organized by DPIDG in New York in May 2017 with the support of Dinand Tinholt, Vice President, Capgemini Consulting (ICT Mega Trends), who acted under his personal capacity, while the other was organized by UNU-EGOV in Guimares, Portugal, in June 2017. The New York EGM experts were: Dennis Anderson, Chairman and Professor of Management and Information Technology at St. Francis College, New York City, United States; Kim Andreasson, Managing Director of DAKA advisory, Sweden; Wendy Carrara, Principal Consultant, Capgemini Consulting, France; Sara Fernandes, Special Advisor, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Haidar Fraihat, Director of Technology for Development Division at UN-ESCWA, Lebanon; Driss Ketani, Associate Professor of Computer Science, Al Akhwayn University, Morocco; Ashok Kumar, Director, eGovernment Leadership Centre, National University of Singapore; Jeremy Millard, Director of Third Millennium Governance and Chief Policy, United Kingdom; Theresa Pardo, Director, Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, United States; Oleg Petrov, Program Coordinator for ICT at the World Bank, Russia; Edward Roche, Evaluation Consultant for the eGovernment Survey for the period 2003-2016, United States; Fadi Salem, Research Fellow, MBR School of Government (formerly Dubai School of Government), United Arab Emirates; Dinand Tinholt, Vice President, Capgemini Consulting (ICT Mega Trends), the Netherlands; Barbara-Chiara Ubaldi, Project Manager, Digital Government, OECD, Italy; Zheng Lei, Director, Lab for Digital and Mobile Governance, Fudan University, China. The Guimares EGM experts were: Aleksandr Riabushko, Government Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Antonio Tavares, Associate Professor, University of Minho and Adjunct Associate Professor, UNU- EGOV, Portugal; Delna Soares, Assistant Professor, University of Minho and Adjunct Assistant Professor, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Demetrios Sarantis, Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Ibrahim Rohman, Research Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal, Irfanullah Arfeen, Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Joo lvaro Carvalho, Professor, University of Minho and Adjunct Professor, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Joo Martins, Academic Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Linda Veiga, Associate Professor, University of Minho and Adjunct Associate Professor, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Luis Barbosa, Associate Professor, University of Minho and Head ad Interim, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Mariana Lameiras, Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Mario Peixoto, Editorial Assistant, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Morten Meyerhoff Nielsen, Academic Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Nuno Carvalho, Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Nuno Lopes, Postdoctoral Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Sara Fernandes, Special Adviser, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; Soumaya Ben Dhaou, Research Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal; and Tiago Silva, Academic Fellow, UNU-EGOV, Portugal. The members of the Informal Advisory Working Group were: Kim Andreasson (Sweden); Dennis Anderson (United States); Wendy Carrara (France); Driss Ketani (Morocco); Ashok Kumar (Singapore); Jeremy Millard (United Kingdom); Theresa Pardo (United States); Fadi Salem (Syria); Dinand Tinholt (The Netherlands); Zheng Lei (China). Telecommunication infrastructure data and education data were respectively provided by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Enkel Daljani, Desalegn Biru and Nosipho Dhladhla updated and maintained the data assessment platform and the online database platform.GEARING E-GOVERNMENT TO SUPPORT TRANSFORMATION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SOCIETIES vi United Nations interns who assisted in research and data collection and verication, collecting case studies, and formatting the Survey, included: Abdussalam Naveed, Aikanysh Saparalieva, Aly El-Samy, Cansu Uttu, Carlos Baeta, Cherif Aboueich, Chunyu Guo, Danning He, Diren Kocakusak, Dominika Zak, Hasan Shuaib, Isabella Arce, Ivan Spirydonau, Matthew Carneiro, Mina Koutsorodi, Nargiza Berdyyeva, Niccol
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