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2016 Edition Air Navigation Report2 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition A Coordinated, Needs-based Approach to Air Navigation Evolution The air transport industry plays a major role in world economic activity. One of the key elements to maintaining the vitality of civil aviation is to ensure safe, secure, efficient and environmentally sustainable operations at the global, regional and national levels. A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. ICAO sets the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency, economic development and environmental protection on a global basis. ICAO serves as the primary forum for co- operation in all fields of civil aviation among its 191 Member States as well as industry and other aviation partners. In the context of an assured safety environment aligned with the Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP), ICAO seeks to ensure the delivery of efficient and comprehensive air navigation services through globally planned initiatives as outlined in the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP). The Organization works constantly to address the expectations of the aviation community in all key performance areas through the following coordinated activities: Policy and Standardization initiatives. Implementing programmes to address performance issues. Monitoring of key performance trends and indicators. Performance Analysis. The GANP represents a rolling, 15-year strategic methodology which leverages existing technologies and anticipates future developments based on State/industry agreed operational objectives. Its structured approach, organized in blocks of upgrades in non-overlapping six-year time increments starting in 2013 and continuing through 2031 and beyond, provides a basis for sound investment strategies and will generate commitment from States, equipment manufacturers, operators and service providers. The GANP also explores the need for more integrated aviation planning at both regional and national level and addresses required solutions through the consensus-driven Aviation System Block Upgrade (ASBU) systems engineering modernization strategy. In all of its coordinated activities, ICAO always strives to achieve a balance between the need for increased capacity and efficiency while maintaining aviation safety and the impact on climate change at an acceptable level. This report provides updates on air navigation capacity and efficiency indicators, including Performance-based navigation issued in 2015, taking as a benchmark the analysis in the previous report of 2014.3 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition 2016, International Civil Aviation Organization Published in Montral, Canada International Civil Aviation Organization 999 Boulevard Robert-Bourassa Montral, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7 icao.int Disclaimer This report makes use of information, including air transport and safety related data and statistics, which is furnished to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) by third parties. All third party content was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and was accurately reproduced in the report at the time of printing. However, ICAO specifically does not make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of such information and accepts no liability or responsibility arising from reliance upon or use of the same. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect individual or collective opinions or official positions of ICAO Member States. All maps rendered in this document are notional, may not reflect actual boundaries agreed by the United Nations and should not be used for navigational purposes. Note: All Performance-based navigation indicators trough out the report relate to international aerodromes only, as published in the regional air navigation plans.4 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition Contents Contents Executive Summary . 5 Traffic Overview . 5 Low-Cost Carrier Activity . 6 Falling Oil Prices Fuel Positive 2015 Results . 6 Passenger Capacity Boosted . 6 Air Cargo Still Facing Challenges . 6 Airline Financial Results . 6 Regional Targets and Achievements . 7 Regional Dashboards . 7 Performance Targets . 7 Global Air Navigation Priorities . 8 Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) . 8Introduction . 8The Status and Targets for PBN Implementation . 8Progress on Achieving PBN Targets . 9PBN Implementation Plans Status . 10PBN Approaches . 11PBN SID/STAR Procedures . 12 Environmental Gains through PBN Terminal Procedures CDO and CCO . 13 Next Steps . 13Assistance for Implementation . 13Enhanced Functionality . 13Strategic Development . 13 Environmental Benefits . 14 Recent ICAO Developments . 16 Aviation Frequency Spectrum . 16 Rationalization of Terrestrial Navigation Aids . 16 Amendment 13 to Annex 14 Volume I . 17 Aeronautical Meteorology . 17 Appendix 1 Air Navigation Regions . 185 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition Some 3.5 billion passengers used air transport for their business and tourism needs in 2015, according to preliminary figures on scheduled services. The number of annual total passengers carried was up approximately 6.4% compared to 2014. The number of departures reached approximately 34 million globally, and world passenger traffic, expressed in terms of total scheduled revenue passenger-kilometres (RPKs), posted an increase of 6.8% with approximately 6,562 billion RPKs being performed.The aviation industry, composed of some 1,400 commercial airlines, 4,130 airports and 173 air navigation services providers (ANSPs), continued to play a critical role during 2015 in fostering the growth of tourism and trade. Over half of the worlds 1.1 billion tourists are transported by air today, while aircraft carry 35% of world trade by value. International scheduled passenger traffic expressed in terms of RPKs grew by 6.7% in 2015, up from the 6% recorded in 2014. European traffic increased by 5.5% and accounted for the largest share of international RPKs at 37%. The Asia/Pacific region, meanwhile, had the second largest share with 28% and grew by 8.2%. The Middle East region moved 14% of world RPKs and recorded growth of 12.1% compared to 2014, while North America, also with a 14% RPK share, recorded 3.3% growth. Carriers in Latin America and the Caribbean managed 4% of world RPK traffic and recorded 7.9% growth, and Africa, with a 3% share, grew at a rate of 0.6%.In terms of domestic scheduled air services, overall markets grew by 6.9% in 2015. North America, the worlds largest domestic market with 43% share of the world domestic scheduled traffic, experienced 4.7% growth in 2015. The Asia/Pacific region, which accounted for 39% of world domestic scheduled traffic, grew strongly by 10.3% in 2015 mainly due to strong double digit growth in India and China. Executive Summary Figure 1: International scheduled passenger traffic (RPK) growth in 2015 Preliminary figures covering scheduled commercial services only. Statistics applicable to traffic by region of airline domicile. Traffic Overview + 3.3% + 7.9% + 0.6% + 12.1% + 8.2% + 5.5% WORLD: +6.7% Executive Summary6 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition Executive Summary Low-cost carriers (LCCs) carried more than 950 million passengers in 2015, approximately 28% of total scheduled passengers. LCCs in Asia/Pacific represented 31% of total LCC passengers carried, followed by Europe with 30% and North America with 26%. The increasing presence of LCCs in emerging economies is considered to have been an important contributing factor to overall growth in passenger traffic. Despite sluggish economic growth in advanced economies and most emerging markets, global passenger traffic (RPK) growth in 2015 still increased by around one percentage point compared to the previous year. A nearly 40% decline in the average 2015 jet fuel price gave air carriers some flexibility to lower air fares and help stimulate this increase. Seating capacity offered by the worlds airlines in 2015, expressed in available seat-kilometres (ASKs), increased globally by around 6.1%. While capacity growth ranged from 0.1 % in Africa to 13.8% in the Middle East, the average global passenger load factor improved by 0.5 percentage points over 2014; ranging from 68.9% for Africa to 83.5% for North America. Despite an increase in capacity offered in all regions, continued air carrier optimization resulted in average passenger load factors reaching 80.2% compared to 79.7% in 2014. World scheduled freight (air cargo) traffic, measured in freight tonne-kilometres (FTKs), grew by 2.2 % in 2015 less than half of the 4.9% growth rate registered in 2014. This is considered a reflection of the stagnating general economic situation worldwide. The international segment of freight traffic, which represents nearly 87% of total air freight, grew by around 2.9% after registering 5.2% growth in 2014. The scheduled international freight load factor declined from around 50% in 2014 to 47% in 2015, also mirroring generally weak world trade trends. 2015 also saw more and more air carriers improving their cargo capacity utilization by moving higher volumes of freight via passenger aircraft, rather than making use of dedicated freighters. Fuel accounted for nearly a third of air carrier operating costs in 2014. The significant decline in fuel costs and its positive effects of growth in traffic offset the mixed effects of a strong US dollar on the yields and unit costs of the air carriers. As a result, the airline industry was expected to end 2015 with another record operating profit of around 60 billion US dollars and an operating margin of 7.6%. 2014 had seen an operating profit of 42 billion US dollars and operating margin of 5.5%. More than a third of world airline profits in 2015 were generated by North American carriers. Looking forward to 2016, a further decline expected in oil prices, coupled with an improving economic scenario, should see passenger traffic and profits continue their upward trend. Low-Cost Carrier Activity Air Cargo Still Facing Challenges Airline Financial Results Falling Oil Prices Fuel Positive 2015 Results Passenger Capacity Boosted7 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition Regional Targets and Achievements Regional Targets and Achievements The Performance Dashboards present up-to-date regional implementation results, highlighting what States and groups of States are achieving in collaboration with their respective Planning and Implementation Regional Groups (PIRGs). Their ultimate intention is to help motivate aviation groups and stakeholders to continue to participate in and improve upon the applicable cooperative programmes being implemented at the regional level. The dashboards are available on the ICAO public safety and air navigation websites, as well as on each Regional Office website. icao.int/safety/Pages/Regional-Targets.aspx In 2013 and 2014, ICAO Member States were invited to adopt regional safety objectives and targets through their respective regional air navigation bodies. As of March 2015, all ICAO air navigation regions had adopted targets through the form of resolutions. These resolutions can be found on the ICAO public safety and air navigation website. icao.int/safety/Pages/Regional-Targets.aspx#tabs-2 Regional targets were defined for the following priorities: Implementation of Performance-based Navigation at international aerodromes (PBN) Utilisation of Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) systems Implementation of Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) Implementation of Ground-Ground Digital Coordination / Transfer (GGDCT) Continuous Climb Operations and Continuous Descent Operations (CCO/CDO) Fuel savings/CO 2emissions reduction due to ASBU implementation The remainder of this report provides details of the levels of implementation for the global air navigation highest priority, PBN, as well as fuel savings/CO 2emissions reduction due to ASBU implementation. This report does not detail the level of implementation of AIM, ATFM and GGDCT due to insufficient data. ICAO has advocated that States take action on achieving the objectives of implementing the priorities of the GANP and providing data to the planning and implementation regional groups (PIRGS) on their progress and status of implementation. Regional Dashboards Performance Targets Table 1: Adopted Regional Air Navigation Priorities and Targets Regional Office Air Navigation Air Nav. Region AFI ESAF ANS Performance Indicators for Africa (APIRG/19October 2013) WACAF MID MID MID Region Air Navigation Strategy (DGCA-MID/3April 2015) ASIA/PAC APAC APANPIRG Priorities and Targets (APANPIRG/25September 2014) NAM NACC Port-of-Spain Declaration (NACC/DCA/5April 2014) CAR SAM SAM BOGOTA Declaration (RAAC/13December 2013) EUR EUR/NAT EUR ASBU Implementation Plan (EANPG/55November 2013) NATN AT Service Development Roadmap (NAT-SPG/49June 2013)8 Air Navigation Report 2016 Edition Introduction The GANP identifies PBN as being the global aviation communitys highest air navigation priority. Even before the development of the ASBU modules, ICAO focused its efforts on the development and implementation of PBN at international aerodromes, application of continuous descent operations/continuous climb operations (CDO/CCO) and utilization of air traffic flow management (ATFM) including runway sequencing capabilities (AMAN/DMAN). Supported
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