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高校校友观察中国高校毕业生职业发展研究与展望 2020University Alumni Insights: Chinese Graduate Career Development Prospects 2020 全球化智库(CCG) 领英中国(LinkedIn)课题组课题组顾问:王辉耀: 全球化智库(CCG)主任、西南财经大学发展研究院院长课题组成员:苗 绿: 全球化智库(CCG)副主任、中国国际人才专业委员会秘书长李 庆: 全球化智库(CCG)人才国际化研究组总监、副研究员陈肖肖: 全球化智库(CCG)人才国际化研究组项目经理、副研究员吴梦启: 全球化智库(CCG)副研究员李仲遨: 全球化智库(CCG)人才国际化研究组研究助理刘淦谦: 全球化智库(CCG)人才国际化研究组研究助理王子怡: 全球化智库(CCG)人才国际化研究组研究助理领英中国经济图谱团队:王延平: 领英中国公共事务总经理任 玥: 领英中国公共事务顾问、经济图谱项目负责人周轶群: 领英中国首席数据科学家黄祎琳: 领英中国数据科学家蔡佩颖: 领英经济图谱首席数据科学家瑞秋鲍利:领英经济图谱高级数据科学家孙菁泽: 领英中国公共事务顾问魏 岩: 领英中国公共事务顾问刘雨菡: 领英中国公共事务顾问马盈青: 领英中国公共事务顾问本研究由全球化智库(CCG)和领英中国经济图谱团队合作完成,特别感谢领英经济图谱团队在数据分析方面给予的支持。获取电子版请联系researchccguni00A9全球化智库/LinkedIn(领英)2020版权所有10/2020 I 中国高校毕业生发展洞察与展望全球化发展面临诸多不确定性,新冠肺炎疫情的蔓延又为全球经济发展带来新的挑战。世界银行(World Bank)2020 年 6 月期全球经济展望预计,2020 年全球经济或将收缩5.2%,成为第二次世界大战以来程度最深的经济衰退。根据领英(LinkedIn)全球雇佣率数据,新冠肺炎疫情期间世界范围内就业市场的招聘活跃度与 2019 年相比显著降低,多数国家和地区雇佣率出现大幅下滑,全球高校毕业生面临“最难就业季”。随着疫情在部分国家和地区得到有效控制,各地劳动力市场也不同程度地复苏起来。中国是最早呈现正增长的国家截至 2020 年 6 月中旬,中国雇佣率已较去年同期增长约 11 个百分点。虽然我国就业趋势稳步向好,但高校毕业生仍然面临诸多挑战。根据教育部最新预测数据,2020 年我国高校毕业生将再创历史新高,达到 874 万人,同比增长 40 万人。一方面,受新冠疫情持续和国际关系变化等影响,众多行业面临可持续发展或转型升级的挑战,就业压力进一步增大;另一方面,作为深造重要途径的出国留学也在新冠疫情的影响下遭受重创,高校毕业生寻求发展的“可选范围”受到影响。在此背景下,高校毕业生如何选择发展方向,成为各方关注的焦点。为了更好地助力高校毕业生发展,全球化智库(CCG)与领英中国(LinkedIn)开展联合研究,基于领英平台大数据,对我国十所“双一流”高校(以下简称 U10)超过 21.8万毕业生的发展情况进行“画像分析”,洞察高校毕业生发展选择的方向与趋势。希望我们的研究能够为高校毕业生、高校在读学生、即将步入高校的新生,乃至高中毕业班学生提前规划发展路径提供帮助,研究中我们还就高校毕业生发展和我国职业与行业发展等趋势提出政策建议,供有关部门参考。前 言 U10 高校分别为清华大学、北京大学、中国人民大学、复旦大学、上海交通大学、浙江大学、武汉大学、华中科技大学、南京大学、中山大学,排名不分先后。高校选择统筹考虑了高校领英平台注册用户数量、高校毕业生用户选择深造与就业数量、学校声望,以及 QS、US News 世界大学综合排名等多个因素。样本包括了所有在领英填写 U10 教育经历,并且在 14 年至 19 年间毕业的用户。II中国高校毕业生发展洞察与展望Amidst uncertainties of the global development, COVID-19 has posed new challenges for global economic development. World Bank, in its “Global Economic Prospects“ published in June 2020, estimated the global economy to shrink by 5.2% in 2020, resulting in the severest economic recession in the aftermath of World War II. According to LinkedIn data on global hiring rates, hiring activities in the global job market during the pandemic was much less active compared to the corresponding period last year. In most countries, hiring rates have dropped sharply and university graduates are entering the toughest employment season. In some countries and regions, however, due to effective control of the pandemic, local job markets have been recovering by varying degrees. According to LinkedIns Global Hiring Rate data, China was the first country to show positive growth in hiring rates, reaching to an annual growth rate of around 11% as of mid-June.Overall, China continues to show sustained positive hiring growth, but university graduates still face substantial challenges. According to the Ministry of Educations latest estimates, the graduate class of 2020 in Chinese universities will increase by 400,000 people compared to the previous year, reaching a record high of 8.74 million people. On one hand, due to the pandemic and tensions in international relations, many industries are currently facing challenges in terms of sustainable development as well as industrial transformation and upgrading. This has resulted in rising employment pressures. On the other hand, studying abroad as an important way to receive further education has also suffered from heavy losses due to the pandemic, circumscribing the choices of development pathways among university graduates. In this context, the ways in which university graduates choose their development pathways have become a focal point for all the relevant stakeholders.To better empower university graduates, LinkedIn China and the Center for China and Globalization (CCG) have collaborated on a joint research. Using LinkedIns Economic Graph data , we conducted a “portrait analysis“ on the profiles of more than 218,000 graduates from ten universities under the “Double First Class University Plan“ (thereafter referred to as U10) , to gain insights with regards to the directions and trends of development undertaken by university graduates. We hope that our research can provide valuable insights to university graduates, current university students, as well as senior high school graduates who are about to enter universities or planning their professional development choices in advance. In this study, we also put forward policy suggestions on the development of university graduates and Chinas trends of occupational and industrial development, providing references to universities and relevant government agencies. U10 universities are Tsinghua University, Peking University, Renmin University of China, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Nanjing University and Sun Yat-sen University. In the selection of universities, LinkedIn has taken into account the number of registered users on LinkedIn platform, the number of university graduates choosing further education and employment, the reputation of universities, as well as QS and US News World University Rankings. The sample includes all users who have filled in U10 education background information on LinkedIn platform and graduated between 2014 and 2019.ForewordIII 中国高校毕业生发展洞察与展望研究发现1. U10 毕业生职业发展呈现“出国留学 - 回国就业”的良性人才环流态势。尽管 U10 毕业生出国留学占比达七成以上,但选择在国内就业的比例超过八成,在中国机会增多与国际关系变化双重影响下,将可能有更多的留学人员、华人华侨等专业人士选择回国发展。2. 留学趋势总体稳定,留学目的地呈现出多元化发展态势。U10毕业生出国留学比例持续增加,但赴美留学增长率进一步放缓,赴英国、中国香港、法国、澳大利亚、新加坡等国家和地区留学的高校毕业生比例逐年上升。3. 不同发展程度城市的“双一流”高校毕业生在发展方向上存在差异:在发展程度相对较高的城市,本科毕业生更愿意选择继续深造,并在硕士毕业后进入就业市场;而在发展程度相对较低的城市中,其本科毕业生选择就业的比例较高,硕士毕业生更倾向于选择继续深造。4. 不同学历层次的 U10 毕业生在国内的就业行业选择中各有偏重。本科与硕士毕业生就业领域更偏向于应用型行业,例如金融、消费品以及媒体与传播等行业;博士及以上毕业生则在一定程度上选择更具专业性的领域,如医疗和法律行业。1) 软件与信息技术服务业在U10毕业生就业行业中最为热门,U10毕业生最喜爱的企业雇主TOP 10 中,包括腾讯、微软、百度、阿里巴巴等在内的大部分雇主均属于软件与信息技术服务业。2) 制造业在 U10 毕业生就业行业的热门程度中位居前列,且在硕博毕业生就业行业中的热门程度高于本科毕业生,更多具有高学历水平的人才在制造业发挥创新作用。3) 非营利性行业成为 U10 毕业生的就业热门行业,得益于社会发展格局的变化,非营利性行业在近年来发展迅速,同时高校毕业生在职业选择中也更加热心公益、关注弱势群体、注重价值理念的传播与实现。5. 高校毕业生领英用户中美首次就业热门行业在排名上具有较高相似度。软件与信息技术服务、制造业、教育、企业服务和金融行业是高校毕业生领英用户在两国首次就业发展的主要行业选择。此外,高校毕业生在中国就业更青睐消费者产品、硬件与网络、媒体与传播行业,在美国就业则更关注医疗、零售、休闲与旅游、非营利性行业和公共管理行业。1) 消费者产品行业在高校毕业生领英用户中国首次就业的行业排名中高于美国。中国轻工业发展相对发达,且具有庞大的消费市场,可以为高校毕业生提供更多就业岗位和发展机会。IV中国高校毕业生发展洞察与展望研究发现 2) 媒体与传播行业在高校毕业生领英用户中国首次就业的行业排名中进入前十位,但未在美国进入榜单。新媒体、自媒体、短视频、直播等新兴业态在中国发展迅速并形成了独特的商业模式,不仅扩大了就业市场的类别和边际,也对全球市场产生了显著影响。3) 医疗行业在高校毕业生领英用户中国首次就业的排名低于美国,且在医院与卫生保健这一次级行业分类中的就业占比远低于美国,相关专业领域的人才发展机制有待改善。类似的情况还包括旅游与休闲行业,该行业在高校毕业生领英用户在美首次就业行业排名中进入前十位,但未在中国进入榜单。6. 管理类和数据类技能正在成为各行业的代表性技能。“管理”“项目管理”“战略规划”以及“领导力”等管理类技能,“Python”“Java”“C+”以及“数据分析”等数据类技能是 U10 毕业生就业热门行业的最具代表性技能。7. U10 毕业生技能变化情况与行业发展联系紧密。U10 毕业生就业行业的新兴技能与衰落技能的对比显示,科技行业越来越注重专业技能与创新能力,非科技行业更加关注产品价值和专业服务能力,个人技能的发展与行业需求更加紧密。8. 数据研发类岗位或将成为高校毕业生首次就业的热门职位。U10毕业生在美就业热门职位前十位中有三项与数据有关,分别为数据分析师、数据科学家、量化分析师,该现象并未出现在U10毕业生在中国就业热门职位前十位中。随着数字经济在中国的创新发展,数据研究与开发需求将在更多行业中显现。9. 新冠肺炎疫情对出国留学带来较大冲击,未来留学目的地国将更趋多元化。新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,各国签证、出入境政策收紧,碍于多数国家的疫情防控仍处于攻坚时期,留学将面临可持续发展的挑战。在签证与出入境政策和疫情控制情况等因素的影响下,留学目的地国可能更趋多元化发展。10. 新冠肺炎疫情对我国行业发展与转型带来挑战和机遇,高校毕业生在疫情和后疫情时代就业创业更趋灵活和多元化。得益于疫情的有效控制,中国就业市场雇佣率已回升至去年同期水平,在一定程度上缓解了高校毕业生的就业压力。1) 新冠肺炎疫情对就业市场的供需双方均产生显著影响。消费品行业、制造业、以及软件与IT服务业受到冲击较大;大健康、法律和在线教育行业因行业特点和市场需求的增加而获得更多发展机会。2) 新冠肺炎疫情得到有效控制后,医疗、社区服务等岗位的招聘均出现了积极复苏;人力、金融、工程等岗位的招聘复苏相对缓慢。3) U10 毕业生在就业行业的选择上除考虑薪酬、兴趣等自身发展因素外,还考虑了行业对风险的承受力以及社会可持续发展对行业的需求,这对更广泛的高校毕业生就业行业选择具有实践性的指导意义。V 中国高校毕业生发展洞察与展望1. Career development of U10 graduates demonstrates a benign talent circulation trend of “studying abroad - returning China for work“. Although more than 70% of U10 graduates study abroad, more than 80% of them choose to work in China. With increasing career opportunities in China and changes in international relations, it is highly probable that more professionals, including Chinese students studying abroad and other overseas Chinese, will opt for career development in China.2. The overall trend of studying abroad remains stable, while destination countries for studying abroad have become more diversified. The proportion of U10 graduates who chose to study abroad has continued increasing, yet the growth rate of studying in the US has further slackened. As such, the proportion of university graduates studying in the UK, Hong Kong SAR, France, Australia, Singapore, and other countries and regions has increased on a yearly basis.3. Cities with discrete degrees of economic development have shown substantial differences in terms of development orientation of “Double First Class“ university graduates. In relatively developed cities, graduates with undergraduate degrees prefer to pursue further education, and are inclined to enter the job market after obtaining their masters degrees. Nonetheless, in less developed cities, graduates with undergraduate degrees are inclined to enter the job market, and graduates with masters degrees prefer to pursue further education.4. U10 graduates with different educational attainments exhibit discrete career preferences in China. Graduates with undergraduate or masters degrees prefer to work in application-oriented industries, such as finance, consumer goods, media & communications. Meanwhile, graduates with doctoral degrees (or above) prefer to work in more professional fields, such as health care and legal industry.Key Findings
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