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Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World In Collaboration with Deloitte INSIGHT REPORT DECEMBER 2020Contents Foreword Executive Summary Introduction 1 Cross-cutting technology governance gaps 1.1 Limited or lack of regulation 1.2 Adverse effects of technology through misuse or unintended use 1.3 Liability and accountability of the technology 1.4 Privacy and data sharing 1.5 Cyber and other security concerns 1.6 Human supervision 1.7 Cross-border inconsistencies and restricted data flows 2 Innovative governance frameworks 2.1 Ethical governance 2.2 Public-private coordination 2.3 Agile, responsive regulation 2.4 Experimental: sandboxes and accelerators 2.5 Data sharing/interoperability 2.6 Regulatory collaboration 3 Research approach 4 Artificial intelligence 5 Blockchain 6 Internet of things and connected devices 7 Autonomous vehicles, shared mobility and digitally enabled transport 8 Drones Contributors Endnotes 3 5 6 8 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 21 29 37 44 51 58 59 Cover: Getty Images 2020 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Global Technology Governance Report 2021 2Foreword The emerging technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have a vital role to play as we recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and rebuild our economies. While these technologies can help drive enormous social breakthroughs and economic value, they can also potentially be misused. An essential consideration for governments, businesses and civil society is how these technologies are harnessed and regulated to accelerate growth, encourage innovation and build resiliency. How governments and other stakeholders approach the governance of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies will play an important role in how we reset society, the economy and the business environment. Working together, the public and private sectors have the opportunity to nurture the development of Fourth Industrial Revolution technology while mitigating the risks of unethical or malicious uses. With this in mind, the Forum worked with Deloitte to produce a practical handbook to examine some of the most important applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies if we are to thrive in a post- pandemic world and the governance challenges that should be addressed for these technologies to reach their full potential. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will play a key role in ensuring our recovery from the pandemic and the avoidance of future crises. William D. Eggers Center for Government Insights Executive Director, Deloitte, USA Ruth Hickin Strategy and Impact Lead, World Economic Forum Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World December 2020 Harnessing and disseminating the technologies The collaboration is part of a larger World Economic Forum platform, the Great Reset, that explores how, as the world undergoes a great reset, our ability to harness and disseminate the new technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will play a key role in ensuring our recovery from the pandemic and the avoidance of future crises. The world will be a different place because of the pandemic and the vast technological change that will have taken place. The possibilities of new Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, deployed appropriately, should be used as the baseline to reinvent the way we operate in the new context: everything from government services, education and healthcare to the way business interacts with and provides value to its customers. Global Technology Governance Report 2021 3Key insights Our analysis revealed common challenges across the five Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies we focused on: artificial intelligence (AI); mobility (including autonomous vehicles); blockchain; drones; and the internet of things (IoT). These challenges include a lack of regulation, misuse of technology and challenges in addressing cross- border differences. For instance, one estimate suggests that bitcoin accounts for more than 90% of ransomware payments. 1And the lack of effective regulation of facial recognition technologies coupled with incidents of misuse by law enforcement agencies have caused a backlash against this technology throughout the world. 2We profile a series of innovative governance and regulatory frameworks across the five Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies highlighted to address these and many other challenges. For example, Singapores AI governance framework can assist the private sector by providing guidelines on internal governance, human involvement, operations management and stakeholder communication. 3In Japan, the Financial Services Agency has accorded the Japan Virtual and Crypto Asset Exchange Association (JVCEA) the status of a self-regulatory body for the countrys crypto exchanges recognizing the private sectors role in providing effective governance. Non-profit organizations are playing their part, too. 4For instance, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe facilitated a forum at which China, the European Union, Japan and the United States came together to develop a framework to harmonize autonomous vehicle regulations. 5This technology governance report aims to help governments, innovators and other stakeholders understand the current opportunity. The pandemic and its aftermath have accelerated the urgency of addressing current gaps with effective governance frameworks. Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies can play a major role in helping us emerge from the pandemic stronger than ever before. With these practical insights and examples, we hope that governments and industry can collaborate and foster innovation while providing effective governance. The study will enable conversations across a broad cross-section of stakeholders to partner on technology governance globally. The Forum looks forward to collaborating with public and private organizations to develop and deploy Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies responsibly. Global Technology Governance Report 2021 4Executive summary This study examines some of the key applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies for thriving in a post-pandemic world, as well as the complications of governance that may need to be addressed for these technologies to realize their maximum potential. 6The report: Describes governance gaps for each of the technologies. These include issues of privacy, liability, cross-border regulatory discrepancies and the potential for misuse by bad actors such as the recent surge in ransomware attacks enabled by cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin or the risk of abuse posed by technologies like “deepfake” videos. 7How can regulatory agencies ensure the unrestricted flow of data necessary for many new technologies to operate robustly and efficiently while still safeguarding user privacy? Is facial recognition technology enough of a boon to police investigations to offset its potential for error and abuse? How vulnerable are IoT devices such as smart speakers and home cameras to hacks that put consumer data at risk? Explores governance and oversight needs highlighted by the pandemic that should be addressed. These include balancing the need for human supervision of automated technology with the advantages of touchless operations in a post- COVID-19 world or assuaging consumers privacy fears surrounding contact-tracing apps. Profiles innovative government frameworks that may suit these future economic engines and outlines some emerging post-pandemic approaches. Finland, for example, requires private innovators in the transit sector to make certain data standardized and publicly available, which has enabled cities such as Helsinki to create an application that integrates both private and public modes of transport and enables users to plan and book a multimodal trip from start to finish using one interface. 8Countries such as New Zealand have introduced guidelines that incorporate privacy, human rights and ethical concerns into the design of government algorithms. 9The pandemic has also increased public- private coordination, as in the United Kingdom, which formed a taskforce of pharmaceutical companies, regulators and academics to facilitate the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines. 10Details many of the regulatory innovations in technology necessitated by the pandemic and explores whether or not they should become permanent. Regulatory agility, for example, has become increasingly important in the COVID-19 era, as governments ease restrictions to accelerate the development of new treatments and technology such as autonomous delivery drones to address the pandemic. 11In other cases, governments have adjusted regulations based on user feedback or created experimental sandboxes that allow the private sector to test out new technology in a closed environment. 12The global technology governance outlook for 2020 and 2021. COVID-19 has accelerated our transition into the age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. We have to make sure that the new technologies in the digital, biological and physical world remain human-centred and serve society as a whole, providing everyone with fair access. Klaus Schwab, founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum Global Technology Governance Report 2021 5Introduction Efforts to recover from COVID-19 have triggered a tsunami of innovations in work, collaboration, distribution and service delivery and shifted many customer behaviours, habits and expectations. Several of the emerging technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for instance, artificial intelligence (AI), mobility (including autonomous vehicles), blockchain, drones and the internet of things (IoT) have been at the centre of these innovations and are likely to play a dominant role in what emerges post-pandemic. These technologies power applications that are themselves revolutionary, creating a self-reinforcing cycle that spins like a flywheel, surging on its own momentum. AI and data analytics have helped Taiwan predict the risk of infection. 13China has used drones and robots to minimize human contact. 14The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is using blockchain to provide seamless digital services to its citizens, 15and the United States is using autonomous vehicles to deliver test samples to processing labs. 16Many countries are employing mobile apps as sensors for contact tracing. 17While these emerging technologies have the potential to drive enormous social breakthroughs and economic value, they also have the potential to lead to adverse and unintended consequences. An essential consideration for governments, businesses and civil society is how these technologies can be harnessed appropriately to maximize the benefits and mitigate potential risks or misuse. Good technology governance, policies and norms are foundational to realizing the benefits of technology while minimizing its risk. The challenges to getting this right are clear: new technologies and business models of the Fourth Industrial Revolution do not fit easily into the frameworks regulators have traditionally used to supervise markets. They evolve rapidly, cross traditional industry boundaries, devour data, defy political borders and benefit from network effects when they share information. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, old conceptions of regulatory siloes no longer apply. AI does not quite fit into existing regulatory frameworks. International blockchain ledgers may violate current national financial laws. Drones and IoT have the potential to cause privacy concerns. Autonomous vehicles may transform traditional assessments of safety risks. All of these disruptions translate into a suite of technologies and capabilities poised to slip through gaps in governance. Governing these new technologies will require new principles, rules and protocols that promote innovation while mitigating social costs. Public- private collaboration will be crucial to making the right choices for future generations. A faster, more agile approach to governance is needed to Visual map of the report FIGURE 1 Global Technology Governance Report 2021 6effectively respond and adapt to the ways these technologies are changing business models and social interaction structures both seen and unforeseen. Such governance is not only a matter of supervision and regulation from government but also encompasses a wide range of frameworks such as multistakeholder approaches, self- regulation, non-binding guidance standards, certifications and non-profit guidance. This study does not attempt to provide a complete landscape analysis of emerging technologies. Instead, it examines the opportunities and complications of governance for a set of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies: artificial intelligence (AI), mobility (including autonomous vehicles), blockchain, drones and the internet of things (IoT). It describes governance gaps for each, and innovative government frameworks that may suit these future economic engines and even help drive them forward. The study also examines some of the most important applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies if we are to thrive in a post-pandemic world. 18Global Technology Governance Report 2021 7Cross-cutting technology governance gaps 1 Common themes across gaps in technology governance. Global Technology Governance Report 2021 8 A A
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