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CLIMATE OPPORTUNITY: MORE JOBS; BETTER HEALTH; LIVEABLE CITIESQUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION MEASURES IN BUILDINGS, TRANSPORT AND ENERGY SUPPLY/03CLIMATE OPPORTUNITY: MORE JOBS; BETTER HEALTH; LIVEABLE CITIESProject number 16026 NewClimate Institute 2018AUTHORSThomas DaySofia Gonzales-ZuigaLeonardo NascimentoNiklas HhneHanna FeketeSebastian SterlFrederic HansAntoine WarembourgAnda AnicaPieter van Breevoort ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSC40 TeamThomas Bailey and Cristina Mendona, including contributions from Markus Berensson, Wenwen Chen, Ilan Cuperstein, Rachel Huxley, Laura Jay, Guillaume Joly, Caterina Sarfatti, Irene Skoula, Lucila Spotorno, Manuel Olivera, Tim Pryce, Zachary Tofias, Jlia Lpez Ventura, Caroline Watson, Pengfei Xie.GCoM TeamShannon McDaniel and Kerem YilmazCase studies were also supported by staff from the following C40 Cities London, Qingdao, Rio de Janeiro, Seattle, TorontoPROJECT PARTNERS AND ASSOCIATED WORKNewClimate Institute NewClimate Institute supports research and implementation of action against climate change around the globe. We generate and share knowledge on international climate negotiations, tracking climate action, climate and development, climate finance and carbon market mechanisms. We connect up-to-date research with the real world decision making processes, making it possible to increase ambition in acting against climate change and contribute to finding sustainable and equitable solutions. Our projects are internationally recognised and followed and put us at the forefront of the climate change forum, where we seek to achieve maximum impact for the international climate change mitigation effort. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40) C40 connects more than 95 of the worlds greatest cities to deliver the urgent and essential climate action needed to secure a sustainable, prosperous and healthy future for urban citizens worldwide. Representing 700 million people and one quarter of the global economy, mayors in the C40 network are, and have to be, committed to delivering on the most ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement. The benefits of urgent climate action by cities is increasingly clear. Those cities which make the sustainability transition fastest will also be the healthiest, wealthiest, most liveable cities of the future.Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate BETTER HEALTH; LIVEABLE CITIESASSOCIATED WORK The Climate Opportunity project builds upon and contributes towards other related activities from the partner organisations.NewClimate Institute currently works directly with national and subnational governments of several developing countries to support the assessment of the wider impacts of climate relevant actions, and to integrate these wider considerations into their sector-level and climate change planning. The Ambition to Action1supports the governments of Kenya, Argentina, Thailand and Indonesia with the assessment of the impacts of low carbon energy sector pathways, whilst the Capacity Building for Climate Change project includes impact analysis as a component in support packages for the further development of climate policy in Georgia and Mongolia, including at the national and subnational level.C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40) operates a dedicated Inclusive Climate Action Research Programme to build the evidence base for the benefits of inclusive climate actions. It supports C40 member cities to implement climate actions that are equitable and fully accessible to the citys population in all its territory, thereby delivering the maximum potential emission and risk reductions while maximising its wider benefits. The research program has three areas: Coordination, standardisation and mobilisation of global efforts on benefits research: the programme aims to establish a common set of principles, taxonomy and pathways for relating climate action to other key urban priorities like equity, health and prosperity2. Measuring city benefits: determining the impacts and benefits of actions in specific cities to equip cities with the data they need to establish a case for action3. Communicating the case for action: supporting cities to use the evidence effectively to secure political and financial support.TABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 060I STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE CLIMATE OPPORTUNITY PROJECT 1002 CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION IN CITIES AND THE ROLE OF IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR PLANNING I22.1 Importance of cities in delivering a climate safe future 132.2 Action for climate, health and prosperity 152.3 Role and status of socio-economic impact and benefit analysis for cities 1803 APPROACH OF THIS ANALYSIS 203.1 Scope of report 213.2 Methodological approach 220null ENERGY EFFICIENCY RETROFIT FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS 2null4.1 Importance of residential building retrofit in cities 264.2 Potential impacts of residential building retrofit measures 274.3 Scope of analysis 304.4 Scenarios for enhanced action 334.5 Quantified impacts of residential building retrofit 364.6 Experiences from London and Toronto 494.7 Opportunities for residential energy efficiency retrofit 5205 ENHANCED BUS NETWORKS AND BUS SERVICES 5null5.1 Importance of enhanced bus networks and bus services in cities 575.2 Potential impacts of enhanced bus networks and bus services 585.3 Scope of analysis 605.4 Scenarios for enhanced action 635.5 Quantified impacts of enhanced bus networks 675.6 Experiences in Seattle and Rio de Janeiro 775.7 Opportunities from enhanced transportation action 8006 DISTRICTnullCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY null6.1 Importance of district scale renewable energy in cities 846.2 Potential impacts of district energy systems 866.3 Scope of analysis 886.4 Scenarios for enhanced action 906.5 Quantified impacts of district scale renewable energy 96.6 Experiences from Qingdao and Port Louis 1036.6 Opportunities from district-scale renewable energy 1060null FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 10nullREFERENCES 111ANNEX I 11null1Further information on the Ambition to Action project is available at ambitiontoaction/2See further information on the C40 BETTER HEALTH; LIVEABLE CITIESEXECUTIVE SUMMARYKey Messages Climate policies on building retrofits, bus networks and district energy and cooling can generate millions of jobs, save households billions of dollars, and prevent hundreds of thousands of deaths related to urban pollution all over the world. The report helps policymakers establish the case for climate action by providing evidence on how climate measures are interrelated with, and support, other urban policy goals. Climate Opportunity shows that mitigating climate change through ambitious policies can help cities achieve their broader social and economic agendas and deliver outcomes for health and prosperity. By using Climate Opportunitys methodology and tools, policymakers can investigate further linkages between ambitious climate measures and their social and economic priorities.Introduction Cities account for 73 % of global GHG emissions (IEA 2016); if nations should be able to deliver on their commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement, it is necessary to encourage and facilitate large-scale urban climate action. Achieving substantial reductions in energy-related emissions requires simultaneous climate action across sectors. Detailed, practical, and scientifically robust information exists on what type of climate actions urban areas can and must take to reduce their emissions. The aim of the Climate Opportunity report is to help local and national policymakers to establish the case for action by providing evidence on how climate policies are interrelated with, and deliver outcomes for, health, wealth and other development agendas. The Climate Opportunity report outlines the benefits for three highly effective climate actions and provides local and national policymakers with a guiding methodology for how cities and nations can evaluate these impacts and develop their own robust cases for climate action policies.Approach and ResultsThe Climate Opportunity report looks at the wider impacts of climate change, up to 2030, by analysing how efforts to promote energy efficiency retrofits in residential buildings, enhanced bus networks, and district-scale renewable energy reduce emissions as well as affect health and prosperity in selected global regions. These measures, impacts and regions were selected based on insights from recent research that highlights the most relevant, high impact and achievable climate actions (ARUP McKinsey North America; ChinaJob creation Household saving rates Job creation EU (1 m); North America (1.5 m); China (1 m; Worldwide (5.4 m)Household saving rates EU (+60 %); North America (+10 %); China (+2 %)EU (124 MtCO2e); North America (80 MtCO2e); China (43 MtCO2e)Enhanced bus networksNorth America; Latin America; South AsiaOutdoor air pollution and health impacts Road traffic accident fatalities Reduced commuting time Outdoor air pollution and health impacts (prevent deaths/year) North America (5,000); Latin America (22,500); South Asia (160,000); Worldwide (560,000)Road traffic accident fatalities per year North America (4,000); Latin America (20,000); South Asia (110,000); Worldwide (415,000)Reduced commuting time North America (1.1 bn hours); Latin America (6.9 bn); South Asia (7.6 bn); Worldwide (40 bn)North America (120 MtCO2e); Latin America (110 MtCO2e); South Asia (85 MtCO2e)District heating and coolingChina; Africa, European UnionJob creation Outdoor air pollution and health impacts Savings from reduced fuel importsJob creation China (860,000); Africa (41,000-82,000); EU (2.8 m); Worldwide (8.3 m)Outdoor air pollution and health impacts (prevent deaths/year) China (115,000); Africa (10,000-21,000); EU (29,000); Worldwide (300,000)Fuel import savings China (marginal); Africa (marginal); EU (EUR 20 bn)China (450 85 MtCO2e); Africa (20-40 85 MtCO2e); EU (200 85 MtCO2e)Table 1: Overview of Climate Opportunity results./0nullCLIMATE OPPORTUNITY: MORE JOBS; BETTER HEALTH; LIVEABLE CITIESConclusionClimate Opportunity provides an evidence base that shows how acting to prevent climate change also helps cities to achieve multiple policy goals and deliver outcomes for health and prosperity. Investments in residential energy efficiency retrofit could result in the net creation of 5.4 million urban jobs, worldwide, and significant household savings along with emission reductions. Improved bus services and more extensive networks could prevent the premature deaths of nearly 1 million people per year from air pollution and traffic fatalities worldwide, while saving 40 billion hours of commuters time each year by 2030 along with reducing emissions. District-scale renewable energy for heating and cooling in buildings could prevent a further 300,000 premature air pollution related deaths per year, by 2030, while also creating jobs for approximately 8.3 million people and result in emission reductions.Implications for National Policymakers Cities around the world are taking responsibility for their climate impact through ambitious action, as evidenced by the growing number of voluntary commitments cities are making through the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate along with the yearly progress that is being reported. To enable local policymakers to take the climate action that is necessary for meeting national commitments under the Paris Agreement, national governments should formulate plans for how they can support their cities in adopting ambitious climate measures while delivering on health and prosperity. There are many policies that can facilitate urban climate action in the form of regulations, fiscal measures, information-provision as well as governance reforms that strengthen the role of local decision-making (Broekhoff et al. 2018). National policy can also have a key role in fostering coordination across sectors and levels of government. As the Climate Opportunity report shows, acting to prevent climate change is interrelated with, and delivers outcomes for, health, prosperity and wider development agendas. Helping a broad set of stakeholders see the benefits, as well as guide them on how to work together to realise positive impacts, should be both a local and a national priority. Implications for Local Policymakers Local governance is enabled and constrained by decisions, laws and institutions at a regional, national and international level of government (Broekhoff et al. 2018). Therefore, it is often necessary for city governments to coordinate a wide range of actors to fulfil their goals. National governments can, for example, control taxes, subsidies and regulatory frameworks that have a significant environmental impact or that, occasionally, hold back innovative policymaking at the urban level.The Climate Opportunity reports impact assessment framework can help local policymakers, and other actors, to better understand the full socio-economic impact of taking ambitious climate action in line with the Paris Agreement. Thereby, the reports findings can aid urban areas in making a robust case for why climate action is about more than just climate and how the impacts of undertaking ambitious Paris Agreement-compliant measures will benefit many actors./ IMPROVED BUS SERVICES AND MORE EXTENSIVE NETWORKS COULD PREVENT THE PREMATURE DEATHS OF NEARLY 1 MILLION PEOPLE PER YEAR FROM AIR POLLUTION AND TRAFFIC FATALITIES WORLDWIDE, WHILE SAVING 40 BILLION HOURS OF COMMUTERS TIME EACH YEAR BY 2030 ALONG WITH REDUCING EMISSIONSnull/1101STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE CLIMATE OPPORTUNITY PROJECTThe objectives of the 2015 Paris Agreement are to limit the global temperature increase to well below 2C, pursue efforts towards 1.5C, and to decarbonise the global economy in the second half of the century. Recent research has demonstrated that immediate action in cities is critical for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement (ARUP Stockholm Environment Institute 2018).Despite this evidence and the urgency for action that it points to, cities may face significant barriers for establishing and making a robust case as well as ultimately taking climate action (C40 Cities, 2015; Compact of Mayors Gouldson et al. 2015). This may be due to a lack of suitable knowledge, evidence and calculation tools to understand the wider benefits of climate action. With better tools, it will be easier for policymakers to estimate how climate policies can support other urban social and economic priorities, such as job creation and poverty alleviation. This report therefore seeks to change the way city stakeholders relate to climate action. It does this by providing concrete evidence on how climate action reduces emissions while also delivering positive outcomes for health and prosperity. In so doing, the report directly addresses key barriers that hamper the integration of impact and benefit ana
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