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推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究专题报告中国电力圆桌项目课题组2019 年 6 月 项目研究报告系列中国电力圆桌项目(Power Sector Roundtable,PSR)中国电力可持续发展圆桌(简称电力圆桌)项目于2015年9月启动,旨在紧扣应对气候变化、调整能源结构的国家战略,邀请业内专家和各利益方参与,共同探讨中国电力部门低碳转型的路径和策略。通过建立一个广泛听取各方意见的平台机制,电力圆桌将各方关心的、有争议的、目前决策困难的关键问题提交到平台讨论,选出核心问题委托智库开展高质量研究,并将研究成果和政策建议提交到平台征求意见,从而支持相关政策的制定和落地,推动中国电力行业的改革和可持续发展,提高电力行业节能减排、应对气候变化的能力。电力圆桌瞄准电力改革和可持续发展前沿,紧密跟踪电力改革实践动向,为地方政府和国家相关部门决策提供理论参考和经验示范,推动和加强电力体制改革的宣传和研究成果转化,为中国电力改革及其可持续发展做出贡献。项目课题组自然资源保护协会(NRDC)是一家国际公益环保组织。自然资源保护协会拥有近 500 名员工,以科学、法律、政策方面的专家为主力,以及约200万会员及支持者。自 1970 年成立以来,自然资源保护协会一直在为保护自然资源、生态环境及公众健康而进行不懈努力。自然资源保护协会在美国、中国、印度、加拿大、墨西哥、智利、哥斯达黎加、欧盟等国家及地区开展工作,并在中国的北京、美国的纽约、华盛顿、芝加哥、洛杉矶、旧金山以及蒙大拿州的波兹曼等地有常设办公室。自然资源保护协会NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究 中国宏观经济研究院市场与价格研究所,2018 年 10 月 西北区域电力现货市场及监管机制研究 西安交通大学,2019 年 4 月 满足建设美丽中国的电力中长期可持续发展研究 中国能源研究会,2019 年 5 月 基于园区增量配电网的综合能源服务业态研究 电力规划设计总院,2019 年 7 月中国宏观经济研究院市场与价格研究所成立于1980年5月,是研究市场和价格形势、市场监管与竞争政策、市场体系、垄断行业市场化和价格改革的综合性科研机构。自建所以来,承担了大量政策咨询、政策解读和课题研究任务。研究成果多次获得国家和部委级科技进步奖,在学界、理论界和政策制定部门产生了较大影响,在中国市场与价格研究领域处于领先地位。中国宏观经济研究院市场与价格研究所INSTITUTE OF MARKET AND PRICE, NDRC推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究A Comprehensive Study on the Establishment of a Competitive Power Market in China报告撰写人刘树杰 杨娟中国宏观经济研究院市场与价格研究所2019 年 6 月| i | 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究目 录摘要 . .iv1. 导论 .12. 电力市场理论的正本清源 .32.1 经济学视角下的电力产品特性 .32.1.1 供电的质量及可靠性依赖于电力系统连续的实时平衡 .32.1.2 电力的系统实时集成特性导致其特殊的产品结构 .42.1.3 系统运行(调度)机构是电力产品可用、可靠的组织保障 .42.2 电力产品特性对电力市场构建的影响 .42.2.1 电力的竞争性交易须与电力产品的实时平衡特性相融合 .42.2.2 不晚于日前安排的电力分时交易是成熟电力市场的标志 .52.2.3 电力市场设计受限于电网的构架和连接的紧密程度 .52.2.4 电力辅助服务市场适用于公共品的制度安排 .62.3 电力市场的本质和基本逻辑 .62.3.1 电力市场的本质 .62.3.2 电力市场的基本逻辑 .72.4 电力批发市场的交易模式 .102.4.1 单边交易的强制性电力库模式 .102.4.2 基于平衡机制的 “ 双边(向)交易 ” 模式 .12| ii |推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究2.4.3 交易模式选择的经济学分析 .162.5 小结 .18 3. 对我国电力市场建设现状的评估 .213.1 已经取得的进展和成效 .213.1.1 发电侧竞争型市场结构形成,售电侧竞争雏形已现 .213.1.2“ 市场化交易 ” 大面积推开 .223.1.3 市场组织机构基本组建 .243.1.4 电力现货市场试点开始启动 .253.1.5 降电价效果显著 .253.1.6 电力市场化 “ 深入人心 ” .263.2 面临的主要问题和困难 .263.2.1 现行的 “ 市场化交易 ” 不可持续 .263.2.2 多数售电商无电可售 .263.2.3 交易模式界定不清 .273.2.4“ 现货试点 ” 准备不足 .284. 对我国电力市场建设的系统思考 .294.1 理想的中国电力市场 .294.1.1 理想的电力批发市场:基于平衡机制的双边(向)交易 .294.1.2 理想的电力零售市场:消费者有充分的自由选择权 .304.1.3 理想的市场布局 .304.1.4 理想实现的必备条件 .304.2 起步阶段的中国电力市场 .314.2.1 起步阶段的批发交易模式:强制性电力库 .314.2.2 起步阶段的电力零售市场:暂不放开或分步放开 .324.2.3 需善后解决的问题 .334.3 可再生能源支持政策与电力竞争制度的融合 .334.3.1“ 价、补分离 ” .334.3.2 近期就应做有利于市场化的过渡性安排 .33| iii | 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究4.4“ 西电东送 ” 等能源战略安排与电力竞争制度的融合 .344.4.1 基于 “ 利益共享、风险共担 ” 的原则签订长期合同 .344.4.2 合同内部分以地板价进入市场获得 “ 优先发电 ” .344.4.3 市场价与合同基价的差额,实行 “ 双向返还(补偿) ” .344.4.4“ 政府授权合同 ” 外部分随行就市 .354.5 市场支配力的消解 .354.5.1 以合同价强制性收购有市场支配力企业的部分电量 .354.5.2 要求具有市场支配力的发电企业将部分机组租赁给竞争对手 .354.5.3 部分电量按市场价结算 .354.5.4 对有市场支配力的 “ 外来电 ” 实行 “ 政府授权合同 + 差价合约 ” .354.6 以省为边界的强制库市场与跨省交易的融合 .364.6.1 建立以 “ 区调 ” 为中心的省间联合市场 .364.6.2 跨省交易应先于省内交易 .364.7 市场管理机构的定位和完善 .364.7.1“ 交易中心 ” 定位于公共机构并与调度 “ 合署办公 ” .364.7.2 市场管理委员会宜定位于议事机构 .374.8 相关配套措施 .374.8.1 关于电价交叉补贴的 “ 妥善处理 ” .374.8.2 再造有效能的电力监管机构 .37附件:竞争性电力市场建设的国际实践 .39| iv |推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究摘要电力是一种基于系统集成和连续的实时平衡的特殊产品,将竞争性交易制度与电力的这种特殊的物质属性相融合,需要 “ 明理、顺势、有序 ” 的系统性安排。电力市场建设需要 “ 顶层设计 ” 。“ 顶层设计 ” 包 括 :( 1)逻辑性。从制度的 “ 顶层 ” 开始设计,高屋建瓴, “ 纲 ” 、 “ 目 ”清 晰 ;( 2)整体性。关联目标系统安排,关联措施协同推进。电力市场构建涉及交易模式、市场布局、组织机构等多方面内容,但其核心或最顶层的,则是批发市场交易模式的选择。而电力交易模式的本质,是竞争性电力交换关系或交易制度的安排,进而电力市场构建的 “ 顶层设计 ” 或逻辑的始点,最终应归结为批发市场的交易者准入及由此决定的市场成员权、责关系的构建。所以,国外的学界及官方机构对批发市场交易模式的概括,都是基于经济关系和制度安排的视角,将之分为 “Mandatory Power Pool” (强制性电力库)和 “Bilateral Electricity Trade” (双边交易或双向交易)两大类型。 “ 强制电力库 ” 是只有一个买者的单边(向)交易的批发市场,发电商只能向系统运营机构竞争性卖电,除 “ 可调度负荷 ”(相当于 “ 负的发电机 ” )外,售电商(大用户)也只能以相同的分时价格向系统运营机构买电。由于售电商(大用户)不参加批发竞争,其经销行为无关系统平衡,也就不存在承担系统不平衡责任问题。因而从售电商角度看, “ 强制电力库 ” 虽不自由,但也无责任约束。 “ 双边(向)交易 ” 是有多个买者的双向竞争的市场,发电与负荷双方均有充分的自由选择权,既可场外一对一 “ 定制 ” 中长期合同,也可参加场内的集中撮合交易。但如此自由的代价,| v | 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究是要对实物合同的执行承诺与物理执行的偏差承担不平衡责任,因而在 “ 双边(向)交易 ”市场中,售电商对系统平衡的责任重大。澳大利亚、新加坡、加拿大的阿尔伯塔省等国家和地区的电力批发市场,一直实行单边交易的 “ 强制性电力库 ” 模式,而在英国、德国、法国、美国、北欧等国家和地区,电力批发市场均为基于平衡机制的 “ 双边(向)交易 ”模式。 “ 集中式 ” 、 “ 分散式 ” 概念及其解释,囿于工程思维模式和 “ 调度 ” 的视角,不仅与 “Mandatory Power Pool” 和 “Bilateral Electricity Trade” 的内涵或口径无法对接,且因之以调度关系替代经济关系,使交易者的权、责及其相互关系这一最基础的制度安排无法体现,必然而且已经导致了国内电力批发市场的理解和设计中的逻辑混乱。我国电力市场构建的 “ 顶层设计 ” ,应包括远(理想)、近期目标及其实施的路径。近期的 “ 顶层设计 ” ,应重点解决起步阶段的批发交易模式选择、源于国家能源战略的 “ 外来电 ” 及可再生能源支持政策与电力市场的融合、市场支配力的消解、省内市场与省间交易的衔接、市场组织机构的定位、电价交叉补贴的 “ 妥善解决 ” 等。理想的中国电力批发市场,应以双边(向)交易的跨省区域市场为主。理想的中国电力零售市场,应使消费者有充分的自由选择权。这种理想的电力市场,需要几个理想条件的创建:售电公司具备整合、管理其客户用电负荷曲线的能力;法制完备、诚信中国确有成效;国家能源治理体系和能力现代化。起步阶段的中国电力市场构建,应 “ 先易后难,问题导向 ” 。强制性电力库的设计与操作相对简单,易与现有制度环境对接,还可包容 “ 优先发、用电 ” 等中国特色安排。初始方案也可有更简化的板本,如: (1) 原浙江试点的 “ 发电企业全电量入库竞争、部分电量按市场价结算 ” ; (2)谷段(压负荷)市场先建。起步阶段的电力零售竞争可分步实施,部分地区也可暂不施行。以 “ 价、补分离 ” 方式实现可再生能源支持政策与竞争性电力市场的融合。 “ 西电东送 ” 等能源战略安排 , 可以 “ 政府授权合同交易 + 差价合约结算 ”方式融入相关省电力市场。建立以 “ 区调 ” 为中心的省间联合市场,促进以省为边界的强制库市场与跨省交易的衔接。 “ 交易中心 ” 应定位于公共机构并与调度 “ 合署办公 ” 。市场管理委员会宜定为议事机构。取消不合理的电价交叉补贴。再造有效能的电力监管机构。| vi |SummaryElectricity transmission and distribution depends on system integration and continuous real-time balancing. The integration of market competition with the electricity market requires “top-level de-sign” that is executed in an orderly, timely, and reasonable fashion. “Top-level design” includes: (1) Logic. An advantage of top-level design is the clear sequence and order; (2) Integrity. Related objectives should be systematically arranged, and related actions should be carried out in coordination. Construction of the electricity market involves many aspects such as trade models, market distribution, and organization. The most important consideration is the choice of the wholesale market model. The nature of the power trade is determined by competition and institutional arrangements, and thus the “top-level design” of constructing the electricity market should account for the dealers access to the wholesale market and the associated member rights and responsibilities.Therefore, foreign academics and official institutions categorize wholesale markets as “Mandatory Power Pool” or the “Bilateral Electricity Trade” model based on buyer-seller relations and institutional arrangements. The “mandatory power pool” is a wholesale market involving unilateral transfers with a single buyer; generators can only sell electricity to the system operators by engaging in competi-tion. Except in the case of “dispatchable loads,” electricity sellers and large consumers can only buy electricity from system operators at the same time-of-use price. Since the sellers (large users) do not participate in wholesale competition, the system balance has no effect on their trade behavior; thus, these sellers also do not bear the responsibility for system imbalance. Therefore, from the electricity sellers perspective, the mandatory power pool imposes certain restraints, but is also responsibili-ty-free. The “bilateral electricity trade” is a two-way, competitive market involving multiple buyers. Power generators and users are both granted free agency. They can either negotiate one-on-one and create custom “over-the-counter” medium and long-term contracts, or be matched through participation in the centralized market. However, the price of such freedom is to assume dispro-portionate responsibility for possible deviations of the contracts implementation. Therefore, sellers in the bilateral electricity trade model hold significantly more responsibility for maintaining system 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究| vii |balance. Wholesale electricity markets in regions including Australia, Singapore, Alberta (Canada) employ the Mandatory Power Pool model characterized by unilateral market power, while regions including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the United States, and Northern Europe employ the “Bilateral Electricity Trade” model characterized by balanced, competitive market mechanisms. Notions of “centralized” and “decentralized” are limited in scope as a result of engineering and dis-patch-focused thinking, and are not compatible with the logic of the Mandatory Power Pool and Bi-lateral Electricity Trade models. Dispatch supersedes buyer-seller relations, and thus the institutional arrangements of dealer rights, responsibilities, and interrelations are not reflected. This has inevitably led to confusion regarding the design of the domestic wholesale electricity market. The “top-level design” of Chinas electricity market construction should include both long-term and near-term objectives, as well as an implementation roadmap. Upcoming “top-level design” should focus on determining the wholesale market model, integrating renewable energy support policies with the electricity market, promoting cohesion between provincial markets and interprovincial trade, dissolving market dominance, and resolving issues arising from electricity cross-subsidies. Other urgent focus areas include: energy imports resulting from national energy strategies, and the arrangement of market institutions. Chinas ideal wholesale electricity market should be based on interprovincial, regional markets in-volving bilateral contracts. Chinas ideal retail electricity market should give consumers full freedom of choice. Realizing of this ideal power market will require the establishment of certain conditions: first is the sellers ability to integrate and manage its consumer load curve; second is a complete and effective legal system; third is the modernization of the national energy governance system and ca-pacity. The initial phase of constructing Chinas electricity market should be “easy first, then difficult, and prob-lem-oriented.” The design and operation of the mandatory power pool is relatively simple, due to the ease of navigating the existing institutional environment. The system could also accommodate charac-teristics of Chinas power sector, such as the prioritization of electricity transmission and consumption. The initial plan can involve a more simplified scheme, such as: (1) a power pool, into which all power generators must direct their power, but a portion of the electricity is determined according to market price; or (2) a Low Voltage Load Switch Market, to be constructed first. The introduction of retail com-petition during the initial phase can be implemented step-by-step, or even suspended temporarily in certain regions. The integration of renewable energy support policies and competitive power markets can be achieved by separating subsidies from the pricing mechanism. National energy strategies such as the “West-East Electricity Transfer Project” can be integrated into the relevant provincial electricity markets through government authorized contracts and contract-for-differences (CFD) settlements. Other recommendations discussed in the report include: establishing an interprovincial joint venture involving regional operators to promote the integration of the province-bound mandatory power pool with interprovincial trade; co-locating the transaction center and dispatch center in a public agency; designating a market management committee; eliminating the cross-subsidization of electricity prices; and creating effective energy regulatory agencies. 推动中国竞争性电力市场建设的整体性研究
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