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HOW INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT MATTERS TO THE WELL-BEING OF THE POPULATION Some Statistical Evidence Vienna,2020Acknowledgement This publication was prepared by Kamila Facevicova and Petra Kynclova under the general supervi- sion of Shyam Upadhyaya, Chief Statistician of UNIDO. The nal editing of the report was done by Niki Rodousakis. Copyright c 2020 United Nations Industrial Development Organization The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed“, “industrialized“ and “developing“ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of rm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint. For reference and citation, please use: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2020. How industrial development matters to the well-being of the population: Some statistical evidence. Vienna. All photos c UNIDO, Freepik, unless otherwise stated.Contents I INTRODUCTION II INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT III HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IV POVERTY AND INEQUALITY V EMPLOYMENT VI EDUCATION VII HEALTH VIII REFERENCES AND APPENDICES References . 59 Appendix . 63 Appendix I - List of countries and areas included in selected groupings 63I INTRODUCTIONIntroduction The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, agreed by all UN Member States in 2015, is a global action plan for people, planet and prosperity, which is relevant now and in the future. Building on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets have been established to drive economic prosperity and social well-being while protecting the envi- ronment. The 2030 Agenda aims to leave no one behind and thus represents a shared blueprint for both developed and developing countries (UN, 2017). The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is fully committed to contributing to the achievement of the SDGs, while delivering on its mandate to support Member States in achieving inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID). SDG 9 calls for building resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization and fos- tering innovation. Due to the SDGs interlinked nature, many of UNIDOs activities contribute to more than just SDG 9. The main objective of this report is to provide statistical evidence on how closely industrial development is linked to peoples liv- ing conditions and the quality of their lives. Countries development is measured by their eco- nomic growth, dened in terms of rising levels of gross domestic product (GDP). The main dis- advantage of using GDP as the main measure of development is that it does not capture important quality of life elements as well as inequalities, which are essential for the assessment of any communitys well-being. It also disregards the effects that economic production and the associ- ated increased demand for energy, food, services and consumer goods have on the environment (Stiglitz et al., 2018). Although well-being has become a widely used term, promoted by both researchers and policymakers, there is no established denition. Well-being is a very broad concept that can be de- scribed by many dimensions and dening it has been the focus of many research papers (Dodge et al., 2012). Considering the signicance of well-being for sustainable development, estab- lishing well-designed measurement frameworks is crucial for policy-making (Llena-Nozal et al., 2019). The OECD Framework for Measuring Well- Being and Progress was introduced to monitor not only the economic performance of countries, but peoples living conditions as well. It builds around three distinct components: 1) material conditions, 2) quality of life, and 3) sustainabil- ity, each with their relevant dimensions. Based on this framework, the biennial OECD report “Hows Life?” (OECD, 2017) presents a compre- hensive set of internationally comparable well- being indicators for OECD and partner countries. At the same time, the OECD created the “Better Life Index” as a communication tool to engage directly with data users. The set of indicators is, however, dominated by subjective perspectives of the surveyed population (OECD, 2013). The development of this framework to mea- sure the level of well-being and its progress is a step towards making such information publicly available and to highlight priority areas for ac- tion followed by a reshaping of national policies. The available information allows researchers to extend the analysis by further indicators and to investigate potential linkages. It is indisputable that the achievement of SDG 9 is linked to meeting the other Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda. Inclusive and8 sustainable industrialization drives sustained eco- nomic growth, the creation of decent jobs and in- come (SDG 8); it helps reduce poverty (SDG 1), hunger (SDG 2) and inequalities (SDG 5 and 10), while improving health and well-being (SDG 3), increasing resource and energy ef- ciency (SDG 6, 7, 11, 12) and reducing green- house gas and other polluting emissions, includ- ing from chemicals (SDG 13, 14, 15). There is strong evidence that citizens living in developed industrialized countries enjoy far more prosperous and healthy lives than those who reside in least developed countries (LDCs) (Upadhyaya and Kepplinger, 2014). The former benet from high levels of education, better so- cial security and health services, sophisticated transport and communication networks, and ac- cess to information, knowledge, technology and nancial facilities required by businesses. This report presents empirical evidence on the corre- lation between industrial development and other dimensions of sustainable development, with a view to improving the understanding of these correlations among policymakers at both na- tional and international level. The report does not, however, draw on the causal analysis of the variables under study.II INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTIndustrial Development Industrial development unleashes dynamic and competitive economic performance which generates income and employment, facilitates international trade and increases resource ef- ciency, and is thus a major driver of poverty alleviation and shared prosperity. Although industrialization contributes to the universal objective of economic growth, its impact differs depending on the countrys stage of development. In developed economies, industrial growth is reected in achieving higher productivity, embracing new technologies, in- telligent production processes and reducing the effects of industrial production on the environ- ment and climate. For developing economies, in- dustrialization implies structural transformation of the economy from traditional sectors such as agriculture and shery to modern manufacturing industries fuelled by innovation and technology. Such an expansion of the manufacturing sector creates jobs, helps improve incomes and thus reduces poverty, introduces and promotes new technologies and produces essential goods and services for the market. World manufacturing production reached USD 13,543 billion (at constant 2010 prices) in 2018, reducing the global MV A growth rate from 3.8 per cent in 2017 to 3.5 per cent in 2018. This slowdown has primarily been attributed to the increase in trade and tariff barriers between the United States, China and the European Union, exposing the markets to a high level of uncer- tainty, limiting investments and future growth. The deceleration in production was observed in all major country groups. Industrialized economies continued to dom- inate global manufacturing production, how- ever, their share dropped from 67.7 per cent in 2007 to 55.7 per cent in 2017 (Figure 1). This long-term trend illustrates the relocation of manufacturing production from industrialized economies to the developing world. Developing and emerging industrial economies have main- tained a strong pace of manufacturing growth, much higher than that of the world and of indus- trialized economies. MV A in developing and emerging industrial economies is dominated by China which in- creased its MV A share from 13.5 per cent in 2007 to 24.3 per cent in 2017. Emerging industrial economies excluding China accounted for 16.4 per cent of global manufacturing production in 2017, while the share of other developing economies and LDCs was negligible at 2.8 per cent and 0.8 per cent, respectively. China has been heading the list of the ten largest manufacturers worldwide since 2010, with a share of 24.3 per cent in world MV A in 2017, followed by the United States with a share of 15.0 per cent (Figure 1). Chinas manufacturing production is inching closer to Europes, which accounted for 25.5 per cent in 2017. The remaining countries in the list of top ten manufacturers are Japan, Germany, India, the Republic of Korea, Italy, France, Brazil and Indonesia. Together, these countries accounted for over 70 per cent of global MV A in 2017. Despite being home to over 12 per cent of world population, LDCs only accounted for 0.8 per cent of total worldwide manufacturing pro- duction in 2017. By comparison, industrialized economies with a share of around 17 per cent of global population, accounted for over 55 per cent of global manufacturing output. It is thus crucial for LDCs to expand their capacities to reach an overall higher growth trajectory (UNIDO, 2019e).12 Figure 1: MV A and its distribution by country groups, billions of constant 2010 US dollars (left). Top 10 largest manufacturing producers in the world in 2017, share of countries MV A in global MV A (right). Source: UNIDO MV A 2019 Database (UNIDO, 2019d) Manufacturing value added per capita A countrys level of industrial development is often reected by its MV A per capita which measures a countries level of manufacturing pro- duction relative to their population size. Value added is a sectors net output after adding up all outputs and subtracting all intermediate inputs. It is calculated without deducting the depreciation of fabricated assets or the depletion and degra- dation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Stan- dard Industrial Classication (ISIC), revision 3. Data are expressed in constant 2010 US dollars and sourced from the UNIDO MV A Database (UNIDO, 2019d). Manufacturing refers to indus- tries that belong to ISIC divisions 15-37. The process of industrialization is facing a number of fundamental challenges, particu- larly because industrial production capacity has been concentrated in a few countries, including China, the United States, Japan and Germany. The regional patterns are depicted in Figure 2 indicating that the highest levels of MV A per capita are attained in North America and Europe. Despite the rapid growth of MV A per capita in developing and emerging industrial economies, they still lag signicantly behind industrialized countries. Global MV A per capita has continued to grow, accounting for USD 1,736 in 2017 com- pared to USD 1,251 in 2000. The median value of MV A per capita in 2017 was around USD 500, i.e. the majority of countries in the world achieve only USD 500 compared with USD 5,770 for in- dustrialized economies. Figure 2 shows that the lowest levels of MV A per capita are mostly located in LDCs in Africa and Asia. Somalia (USD 2), Timor-Leste (USD 7) and Sierra Leone (USD 9) registered the lowest MV A per capita in 2017, while Liechten- stein (USD 44,349), Ireland (USD 24,077) and San Marino (USD 15,462) had the highest MV A per capita in 2017.13 Figure 2: World map of MV A per capita in 2010 constant US dollars, all measured in 2017. Source: UNIDO MV A 2019 Database (UNIDO, 2019d) Competitive Industrial Performance index The Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) index represents a composite measure to benchmark industrial competitiveness across economies, providing valuable information on countries strengths and weaknesses in national manufacturing industries. By promoting com- petitiveness, economic efciency in the alloca- tion of scarce resources can be maximized while greater prosperity for the population is gener- ated. An increase in industrial competitiveness can contribute to a countrys overall prosper- ity in many different ways. For example, it can encourage more investment from national and international rms, increase industries re- silience to external shocks, including surges in commodity prices or economy-wide reces- sions. Competitiveness is decisive if a coun- trys industrial sector is to ourish, it determines the pace and quality of the countrys structural change as its economy develops, as well as the extent to which these changes will contribute to societys well-being. The industrial sectors con- tribution to prosperity depends on its capacity to produce manufactured goods, to exchange those goods in global markets and to specialize in com- plex production processes (UNIDO, 2019b). The CIP Index is widely used by international development agencies to rank coun- tries within the context of their development priorities. The global manufacturing ranking is based on the analysis of eight indicators reect- ing three dimensions: 1) the capacity to produce and export manufactured goods, 2) the extent of technological deepening and upgrading, and 3) the impact on the world market. The 2019 edition of the CIP Index assesses 150 economies covering around 99 per cent of14 global manufactured exports and MV A in 2017. Figure 3 presents the distribution of CIP scores in the world. The countries at the top of the 2017 CIP ranking are Germany (0.515), Japan (0.404), China (0.369), the Republic of Korea (0.365) and the United States (0.355). By con- trast, the economies with the lowest levels of manufacturing capacity include Burundi, Eritrea and Tonga. Figure 3: World map of CIP index scores, all measured in 2017. Source: UNIDO CIP 2019 Database (UNIDO, 2019a)III HUMAN DEVELOPMENTHuman Development Human development is a concept that goes beyond economic growth and is dened as the process of expanding peoples freedoms and op- portunities and improving their well-being. The human development approach aims to increas
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