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DOING BUSINESS 2019 Training for Reform TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: worldbank This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and con- clusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. 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Cover design: Corporate Visions, IncPARING BUSINESS REGULATION FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 190 ECONOMIES A World Bank Group Flagship Report DOING BUSINESS 2019 Training for Reform TRADING ACROSS BORDERSDOING BUSINESS 2019 Current features News on the Doing Business project /doingbusiness Rankings How economies rankfrom 1 to 190 /doingbusiness/rankings Data All the data for 190 economiestopic rankings, indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators /doingbusiness/ data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as subnational and regional reports, case studies and customized economy and regional profiles /doingbusiness/reports Methodology The methodologies and research papers underlying Doing Business /doingbusiness/methodology Research Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and related policy issues /doingbusiness/research Doing Business reforms Short summaries of DB2019 business regulation reforms and lists of reforms since DB2006 /doingbusiness/reforms Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 /doingbusiness/ custom-query Law library Online collection of business laws and regulations relating to business /doingbusiness/law-library Contributors More than 13,800 specialists in 190 economies who participate in Doing Business /doingbusiness/ contributors / doing-business Entrepreneurship data Data on new business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,000 working-age people) for 143 economies /doingbusiness/ data / exploretopics/ entrepreneurship Ease of doing business score Data benchmarking 190 economies to the best regulatory practice and an ease of doing business score calculator /doingbusiness/ data / ease-of-doingbusiness-score Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted /doingbusiness/ data / good-practice Resources on the Doing Business websiteDOING BUSINESS 2019 Doing Business 2019 is the 16th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulation and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economiesfrom Afghanistan to Zimbabweand over time. Regulations affecting 11 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. The labor market regulation data are not included in this years ranking on the ease of doing business. Data in Doing Business 2019 are current as of May 1, 2018. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why.iv Foreword1 Overview 22 About Doing Business Case studies33 Starting a Business and Registering Property: The role of training in facilitating entrepreneurship and property rights 39 Getting Electricity: Understanding the benefits of wiring regulation46 Trading Across Borders: Training for trade facilitation53 Enforcing Contracts and Resolving Insolvency: Training and efficiency in the judicial system61 Annex: Labor Market Regulation: Trends from Doing Business data67 References73 Data Notes126 Ease of Doing Business Score and Ease of Doing Business Ranking133 Summaries of Doing Business Reforms in 2017 /18152 Country Tables 216 Acknowledgments ContentsDOING BUSINESS 2019 What gets measured gets done. Over the past 15 years, no report has illustrated this aphorism better than Doing Business. Anchored in rigorous research and methodology, Doing Business gathers detailed and objective data on 11 areas of business regulation, helping govern- ments diagnose issues in administrative procedures and correct them. The report measures complex regulatory pro- cesses by zeroing in on their quantifiable components, which can be contested, comparedover time and across econo- miesand, ultimately, reformed. Doing Business has inspired thousands of articles published in peer-reviewed jour- nals and created a platform for informed debate about regulatory and institutional frameworks for economic development. Many Doing Business indicators have been incorporated into the indexes of other institutions, which has spurred more debate about the ideal business climate to drive inclusive, sustainable economic growth. Since its launch in 2003, Doing Business has inspired more than 3,500 reforms in the 10 areas of business regulation measured by the report. This year, we observed a peak in reform activity worldwide128 economies undertook a record 314 reforms in 2017/18. Around the world, registering a business now takes an average of 20 days and costs 23% of income per capita, compared to 47 days and 76% of income per capita in 2006. Even more telling, today the average paid-in minimum capital that entrepreneurs must deposit is 6% of income per capita, compared with 145% of income per capita in 2006. The global average time to prepare, file and pay taxes has fallen from 324 hours in 2005 to 237 hours in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa has been the region with the highest number of reforms each year since 2012. This year, Doing Business captured a record 107 reforms across 40 economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the regions private sector is feeling the impact of these improvements. The aver- age time and cost to register a business, for example, has declined from 59 days and 192% of income per capita in 2006 to 23 days and 40% of income per capita today. Furthermore, the average paid-in minimum capital has fallen from 212% of income per capita to 11% of income per capita in the same period. This years 10 top improvers include a range of economieslarge and small; rich and poorfrom five regions. The diversity shows that, regardless of background, any economy can improve business regulation when the will of policy makers is strong. With 13 reforms between them, China and Indiatwo of the worlds largest economiesare among the 10 top improvers. At the same Forewordv FOREWORD Jim Yong Kim President World Bank Group time Djibouti, a small economy, is also on the list with six reforms. And with a total of 12 business regulatory reforms between them, Afghanistan and Turkey are on the list of 10 top improvers for the first time in the reports history. Perhaps most notably, four of the 10 top improversAfghanistan, Djibouti, Cte dIvoire and Togoare countries suffering from fragility, conflict and vio- lence. The World Bank Group and other organizations have worked closely with these economies to address pressing humanitarian and developmental needs, while also strengthening their legal and economic institutions. Doing Business taught us that even with comprehensive evidence, reforms do not necessarily follow. A ranking helps put the information in front of leaders and makes it hard to ignore. The report helped inspire the Human Capital Index (HCI), which we launched at the 2018 Annual Meetings in Indonesia. Like Doing Business, the HCI is based on the idea that, regardless of how complex an area may be, with solid research and methodology it can be measured. These types of data promote reform, not only because they are easy to analyze, trace and act on, but also because they increase transparency and accountability. Governments have the enormous task of fostering an enabling environ- ment for entrepreneurs and small and medium-size enterprises. Sound and efficient business regulation is critical for entrepreneurship and a thriving private sector. Without them, we have no chance to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity around the world. International institutions and research centers can play a central role by build- ing a solid base of knowledge and data to inform governments, researchers and the general public. With Doing Business, the World Bank Group is fully commit- ted to this mission. The reforms that the report inspires will help people reach their aspirations; drive inclusive, sustain- able economic growth; and bring us one step closer to ending poverty on the face of the earth.DOING BUSINESS 2019 An economy cannot thrive without a healthy private sector. When local businesses flourish, they create jobs and generate income that can be spent and invested domestically. Any rational government that cares about the economic well-being and advancement of its constituency pays special attention to laws and regulations affecting local small and medium- size enterprises (SMEs). Effective business regulation affords micro and small firms the opportunity to grow, innovate and, when applicable, move from the informal to the formal sector of an economy. Like its 15 predecessors, Doing Business 2019 continues to enable regulators to assess and benchmark their domestic business regulatory environments. Doing Business advocates for both regula- tory quality and efficiency. It is important to have effective rules in place that are easy to follow and understand. To realize economic gains, reduce corruption and encourage SMEs to flourish, unnecessary red tape should be eliminated. However, specific safeguards must be put in place to ensure high-quality business regulatory processes; efficiency alone is not enough for regulation to func- tion well. What use is it when one can transfer property in just a few days and at a low cost, but the property registry contains unreliable information with incomplete geographic coverage? Doing Business exposes cases with evident discrepancies between regulatory quality and efficiency, signaling to regulators what needs to be reformed. Doing Business 2019 measures the processes for business incorporation, getting a building permit, obtaining an electricity connection, transferring prop- erty, getting access to credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, engaging in international trade, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business collects and publishes data on labor market regulation with a focus on the flexibility of employment regulation as well as several aspects of job quality. However, this regulatory area does not constitute part of the ease of doing business ranking (figure 1.1). For more details on the Doing Business indicators, see the data notes at / doingbusiness. Each of the measured business regula- tory areas is important to nascent and existing entrepreneurs. However, as Doing Business data show, SME owners face drastically different realities across economies as they set up and operate their businesses. An entrepreneur in Uganda, for example, will spend nearly a month and undertake 13 procedures to set up a new company. The entre- preneur will then be required to manage another 18 interactions with different Overview Doing Business captured a record 314 regulatory reforms between June 2, 2017, and May 1, 2018. Worldwide, 128 economies introduced substantial regulatory improvements making it easier to do business in all areas measured by Doing Business. The economies with the most notable improvement in Doing Business 2019 are Afghanistan, Djibouti, China, Azerbaijan, India, T ogo, Kenya, Cte dIvoire, Turkey and Rwanda. One-third of all business regulatory reforms recorded by Doing Business 2019 were in the economies of Sub-Saharan Africa. With a total of 107 reforms, Sub-Saharan Africa once again has a record number this year. The BRIC economiesBrazil, the Russian Federation, India and Chinaintroduced a total of 21 reforms, with getting electricity and trading across borders the most common areas of improvement. The 10 top economies in the ease of doing business ranking share common features of regulatory efficiency and quality, including mandatory inspections during construction, automated tools used by distribution utilities to restore service during power outages, strong safeguards available to creditors in insolvency proceedings and automated specialized commercial courts. Training opportunities for service providers and users are positively associated with the ease of doing business score. Similarly, increased public-private communication on legislative changes and processes affecting SMEs are associated with more reforms and better performance on the Doing Business indicators.DOING BUSINESS 2019 2 agencies and wait an additional four months to obtain a building permit. Once the construction of the warehouse is completed, the entrepreneur will need to wait another two months and cash out 7,513.6% of income per capita to obtain a connection to the electrical grid. In contrast, a Danish entrepreneur can expect to be able to register a new business in just 3.5 days, complete all required legal procedures to build a ware- house through seven steps in slightly over two months and secure a reliable electricity connection for about 100% of local income per capita. Differences in regulatory and institutional quality can affect how many new businesses are created and the dynamism of
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