2020年营商环境报告.pdf

Doing Business Doing Business 2020 Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies 2020Doing Business Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies 2020 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: worldbank Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 22 21 20 19 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1440-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1441-9 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2 Cover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages Library of Congress Control Number: 2019951789iii Current features News on the Doing Business project /doingbusiness Rankings How economies rankfrom 1 to 190 /doingbusiness/rankings Data All the data for 190 economiestopic rankings, indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators /doingbusiness/data Studies Access to previous editions of Doing Business as well as subnational and regional studies, case studies and customized economy and regional profiles /doingbusiness/reports Methodology The methodologies and research papers underlying Doing Business /doingbusiness/methodology Research Abstracts of papers on Doing Business topics and related policy issues /doingbusiness/research Doing Business reforms Short summaries of DB2020 business regulation reforms and lists of reforms since DB2006 /doingbusiness/reforms Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 /doingbusiness/custom-query Law library Online collection of business laws and regulations relating to business /doingbusiness/law-library Contributors More than 15,000 specialists in 190 economies who participate in Doing Business /doingbusiness/contributors /doing-business Entrepreneurship data Data on new business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,000 working-age people) for 156 economies /doingbusiness/data /exploretopics/entrepreneurship Ease of doing business score Data benchmarking 190 economies to the best regulatory practice and an ease of doing business score calculator /doingbusiness/data /doing-business-score Resources on the Doing Business websitevvii Forewordix Acknowledgments1 Overview Tackling burdensome regulation17 Chapter 1 About Doing Business29 Chapter 2 The effects of business regulation41 Chapter 3 Removing obstacles to entrepreneurship57 Chapter 4 Employing workers67 Chapter 5 Contracting with the government77 Chapter 6 Ease of doing business score and ease of doing business ranking87 Chapter 7 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2018/19129 Chapter 8 References ContentsDoing Business 2020 is the 17th in a series of annual studies investigating the regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 190 economies from Afghanistan to Zimbabweand over time.Regulations affecting 12 areas of the life of a business are covered: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency, employing workers, and contracting with the government. The employing workers and contracting with the government indicator sets are not included in this years ranking on the ease of doing business.Data in Doing Business 2020 are current as of May 1, 2019. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms of business regulation have worked, where and why.vii Foreword The Doing Business 2020 study shows that developing economies are catching up with developed economies in ease of doing business. Still, the gap remains wide. An entrepreneur in a low-income economy typ- ically spends around 50 percent of the countrys per-capita income to launch a company, compared with just 4.2 percent for an entrepreneur in a high- income economy. It takes nearly six times as long on average to start a business in the economies ranked in the bottom 50 as in the top 20. Theres ample room for developing economies to catch up with developed countries on most of the Doing Business indicators. Performance in the area of legal rights, for example, remains weakest among low- and middle-income economies. Doing Business recognizes the important work countries have done to improve their regulatory environments. Among the 10 economies that advanced the most, efforts were focused on the areas of starting a business, dealing with con- struction permits, and trading across borders. In general, economies that score the highest share several features, including the widespread use of electronic systems and online platforms to comply with regulatory requirements. At the same time, the least reformed area was resolving insolvency. Putting in place reorganization procedures reduces the failure rates of small and medium-size enterprises and prevents the liquidation of insolvent but viable businesses. Doing Business is a valuable tool that governments can use to design sound regulatory policies. By giving policymakers a way to benchmark progress, it stimulates policy debate, both by exposing potential challenges and by identi- fying good practices and lessons learned. Its important to note that Doing Business isnt meant to be an investment guide, but rather a measurement of ease of doing business. Potential investors consider many other factors, such as the overall quality of an economys business environ- ment and its national competitiveness, macroeconomic stability, development of the financial system, market size, rule of law, and the quality of the labor force. Ease of doing business is an important springboard to structural reforms that encourage broad-based growth. The World Bank Group stands ready to help countries move forward. David R. Malpass President The World Bank Groupix Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Business 2020 were conducted by a team led by Santiago Croci (Program Manager, Doing Business) under the general direction of Rita Ramalho (Senior Manager, Global Indicators Group, Development Economics). Overall guidance for the preparation of the study was provided by Simeon Djankov (Senior Director, Development Economics). The project was managed with the support of Adrian Gonzalez, Charlotte Nan Jiang, Valentina Saltane, and Hulya Ulku. Other team mem- bers included Marwa Abdou, Youmna Al Hourani, Lucia Arnal Rodriguez, Yuriy Valentinovich Avramov, Ogma Dessirama Bale, Elodie Bataille, Farihane Ben Yedder, Erica Bosio, Liliya F Bulgakova, Kamal Chakaroun, dgar Chvez, Maria-Magdalena Chiquier, Cyriane Marie Coste, Sabrina Fantoni Custodio, Najah Nina Dannaoui, Theophile de Saint Sernin, Marie Lily Delion, Nadine DiMonte, V arun Eknath, Viktoriya Ereshchenko, V anessa Maria Cervello Ferrando, Dorina Peteva Georgieva, Claudia Gonzalez Cobos, Tom Kairuz Harb, Becem Hassen, Maho Hatayama, Maksym Iavorskyi, Herv Kaddoura, New Doe Kaledzi, Klaus Koch-Saldarriaga, Olga Kuzmina, Sarah Kouhlani Nolla, Iryna Lagodna, Loic Sebastien Lanci, Anouk Leger, Joseph Lemoine, Tiziana Londero, Silvia Carolina Lopez Rocha, Courtney Masters, Raman Maroz, Rumbidzai Maweni, Margherita Mellone, Nuno Filipe Mendes Dos Santos, Frederic Meunier, Joanna Nasr, Marie-Jeanne Ndiaye, Albert Nogus i Comas, Nadia Novik, Esperanza Pastor Nez de Castro, Adjoua Marie-Pascale Nzi, Enrique Orellana Tamez, Alexia Pimbli, Marion Pinto, Greta Polo, Oleksandra Popova, Maria Antonia Quesada Gmez, Parvina Rakhimova, Mariyam Raziyeva, Nathalie Reyes Benjumea, Martin Ruiz-Cantu, Julie Anne Ryan, Syuzanna Simonyan, Katarzyna Sokal, Ines Sosa, Jayashree Srinivasan, Mihaela Stangu, Erick Tjong, Yang You, Judith Trasancos Rodrguez, Farrukh Umarov, Yulia Borisovna Valerio, Rongpeng (Tiffany) Yang, Marilyne Youbi, Ins Zabalbeitia Mgica, Yasmin Zand, Dou Zhang, and Muqiao (Chloe) Zhang. Yaser Abdulrahman H Alhusaini, Meshal Abdulaziz Alkhowaiter, Daad Abdullah Alshabanah, Adnane Ayeb, Tomilehin Folake Babafemi, Tsenguunjav Byambasuren, Maria Alejandra Castellanos Chavarria, Marie Jose Anne Caroline Chatelain, Maxime Delavallee, Ava Josyane Armande Drai, Shoola Dzhumaeva, Nadine Khaled Eloseily, Caleb Enrique Espinoza, Jade Christian Hachem, Ritika Narayan Iyer, Guyu Jiang, Zan Jin, Clemens Mathis Henrik Graf Von Luckner, Daniel Anselmo Marechal, DOING BUSINESS 2020 x Morris J. McGinn, Kensi Poukouta, Carolina Nugnes, Ngozi Joann Nwanta, Alexandre Fujishima Silveira De Oliveira, Lodovico Onofri, Lidia Panarello, Manisha Panda, Michele Franchetti Pardo, Roxane Louise Manijeh Peloux, Ziyue Qiu, Hyung Sub Roh, Lukshmee Saravanapavan, Bit Na Ra Shin, Kimberly Suarez Contreras, Lluis Dalmau Taules, and Qunrui Zhou, assisted in the months before publication. The team is grateful for the valuable comments provided by colleagues, both within and outside the World Bank Group, and for the guidance pro- vided by World Bank Group Executive Directors.1 OVERVIEW Tackling burdensome regulationWorldwide, 115 economies made it easier to do business. The economies with the most notable improvement in Doing Business 2020 are Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Togo, Bahrain, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, China, India, and Nigeria.Only two African economies rank in the top 50 on the ease of doing business; no Latin American economies rank in this group. DOING BUSINESS 2020 2 A t its core, regulation is about freedom to do business. Regulation aims to prevent worker mistreatment by greedy employers (regula- tion of labor), to ensure that roads and bridges do not collapse (reg- ulation of public procurement), and to protect ones investments (minority shareholder protections). All too often, however, regulation misses its goal, and one inefficiency replaces another, especially in the form of government overreach in business activity. Governments in many economies adopt or maintain regulation that burdens entrepreneurs. Whether by intent or ignorance, such regulation limits entrepreneurs ability to freely operate a private business. As a result, entrepreneurs resort to informal activity, away from the oversight of regulators and tax collectors, or seek opportunities abroador join the ranks of the unemployed. Foreign investors avoid econ- omies that use regulation to manipulate the private sector. By documenting changes in regulation in 12 areas of business activ- ity in 190 economies, Doing Business analyzes regulation that encourages efficiency and supports freedom to do business. 1The data collected by Doing Business address three questions about government. First, when do governments change regulation with a view to develop their private sector? Second, what are the characteristics of reformist governments? Third, what are the effects of regulatory change on different aspects of economic or investment activity? Answering these questions adds to our knowledge of development. With these objectives at hand, Doing Business measures the processes for business incorporation, getting a building permit, obtaining an elec- tricity connection, transferring property, getting access to credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, engaging in international trade, enforcing contracts, and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also collects and pub- lishes data on regulation of employment as well as contracting with the government (figure O.1). The employing workers indicator set measures regulation in the areas of hiring, working hours, and redundancy. The contracting with the government indicators capture the time and proce- dures involved in a standardized public procurement for road resurfacing. These two indicator sets do not constitute part of the ease of doing business ranking. Research demonstrates a causal