资源描述
A FAMILIAR FACE Violence in the lives of children and adolescents United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), Division of Data, Research and Policy, November 2017 Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission will be freely granted to educational or non-profit organizations. To request permission and for any other information on the publication, please contact: UNICEF Data and Analytics Section Division of Data, Research and Policy 3 United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1 212 326 7000 Email: dataunicef All reasonable precautions have been taken by UNICEF to verify the information contained in this publication. For any data updates subsequent to printing, please visit . Suggested citation: United Nations Childrens Fund, A Familiar Face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents, UNICEF, New York, 2017. ISBN: 978-92-806-4919-2 A FAMILIAR FACE Violence in the lives of children and adolescents2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this report was initiated and coordinated by Claudia Cappa and Nicole Petrowski, who were also responsible for data analysis, interpretation of the results and report writing. Valuable guidance and insights were received from Laurence Chandy and Mark Hereward. Christina Misunas provided support for data processing, analysis and fact-checking. Colleen Murray assisted with document review and fact-checking. Yadigar Coskun contributed to data processing. The document was edited and copy-edited by Catherine Rutgers, with inputs from Janet Jensen and Joan Ross Frankson, and was designed by Era Porth and Nona Reuter. The Programmes in focus boxes were developed by Gbemisola Akinboyo, Anjan Bose, Ayda Eke, Sophie Flynn, Theresa Kilbane and Clara Sommarin along with Maria Margarita Ardivilla, Katlin Brasic, Mark Connolly, Vesna Dejanovic, Donneth Edmondson, Rosa Elcarte, Ida Ferdinandi, Ana Catalina Fernandez Rojas, Elisa Frias, Eduardo Gallardo, Bruce Grant, Kendra Gregson, Dina Heikal, Jennifer Hofmann, Maha Homsi, Lone Hvass, Nankali Maksud, Nada Djurovic Martinovic, Maria Teresa Mejia, Aby Mze-Boina, Mohamed Naeem, Irene Sanchez, Sarah Norton-Staal, Chivith Rottanak, Saji Thomas, Martina Tomic-Latinac, Cornelius Williams and Nadra Zaki. Additional country inputs were provided by Ana Cristina Matos, Rogerio Oliveira and Gabriela Perin. The report benefited from technical feedback provided by Shelly Abdool, Maneli Aghakhan, Patty Alleman, Mariavittoria Ballotta, Jean-Franois Basse, Camille Baudot, Jose Bergua, Stephen Blight, Sujata Bordoloi, Isabella Castrogiovanni, Mandi Chikombero, Laurent Dutordoir, Raquel Fernandez, Mirella Hernani, Mokhtar Hosseini, Lucia Hug, Jonna Karlsson, Dennis Christian Larsen, Anthony MacDonald, Anju Malhotra, Angelo Miramonti, Cecilie Modvar, Patricia Muriel, Will Parks, Micaela Pasini, Vincent Petit, Deepa Risal Pokharel, Evan Rai, Rafael Ramirez, Line Baago Rasmussen, Sanja Saranovic, Landry Dongmo Tsague, Hrayr Wannis and Danzhen You. Communication advice was received from Lely Djuhari, Caroline den Dulk, Madeline Eisner, Paloma Escudero, Rose Foley, Timothy Ledwith, Najwa Mekki, Marixie Mercado, Melanie Sharpe and Georgina Thompson. UNICEF gratefully acknowledges the technical review and inputs provided by the Health Systems and Innovation Cluster of the World Health Organization (Jessica Ho, Daniel Hogan, Wahyu Retno Mahanani and Colin Douglas Mathers), the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (Sami Nevala), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Holly Hedegaard). Additional data were also provided by Laura Agnich (Georgia Southern University) and Noor Ani Ahmad (Ministry of Health Malaysia).3 ABBREVIATIONS CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DHS Demographic and Health Surveys FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights GBD Global Burden of Disease Study GSHS Global School-based Student Health Surveys HBSC Health Behaviour in School-aged Children MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SERCE Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study TERCE Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study TIMSS Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study VACS Violence Against Children Surveys WHO World Health Organization4 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VIOLENT DISCIPLINE AND EXPOSURE TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD VIOLENCE AT SCHOOL VIOLENT DEATHS AMONG ADOLESCENTS 6 10 19 37 49 UNMASKING THE ALL-TOO-FAMILIAR FACES OF CHILDHOOD VIOLENCE5 SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE PROTECTING A GENERATION AT RISK ANNEX: REGIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS ENDNOTES 73 88 91 926 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY All children have the right to be protected from violence inflicted on them by anyone in their lives whether parents, teachers, friends, romantic partners or strangers. And all forms of violence experienced by children, regardless of the nature or severity of the act, are harmful. Beyond the unnecessary hurt and pain it causes, violence undermines childrens sense of self-worth and hinders their development. Yet violence against children is often rationalized as necessary or inevitable. It may be tacitly accepted due to the familiarity of perpetrators, or minimized as inconsequential. The memory or reporting of violence may be buried due to shame or fear of reprisal. Impunity of perpetrators and prolonged exposure may leave victims believing violence is normal. In such ways, violence is masked, making it difficult to prevent and end. A Familiar Face: Violence in the lives of children and adolescents uses the most current data to shed light on four specific forms of violence: violent discipline and exposure to domestic abuse during early childhood; violence at school; violent deaths among adolescents; and sexual violence in childhood and adolescence. The statistics reveal that children experience violence across all stages of childhood, in diverse settings, and often at the hands of the trusted individuals with whom they interact on a daily basis. Ensuring that violence in all its forms is documented through solid data is a first step towards its elimination. 7 EVERYDAY PLACES, FAMILIAR FACES One need not look far to find violence in the lives of children. A childs first experience of human interaction typically occurs at home, in a positive, nurturing and loving context. However, home is also the place where a childs first exposure to violence is likely to occur. Three quarters of children aged 2 to 4 worldwide close to 300 million are regularly subjected to violent discipline (physical punishment and/or psychological aggression) by their parents or other caregivers at home, and around 6 in 10 (250 million) are subjected to physical punishment. Many children are also indirectly affected by violence in the home: Worldwide, 1 in 4 children (176 million) under the age of 5 live with a mother who has been a recent victim of intimate partner violence. Violence also occurs in places where children are meant to learn and socialize. In 2016 alone, close to 500 attacks or threats of attacks on schools were documented or verified in 18 conflict-affected countries or areas. Children attending schools in countries that are not affected by conflict can also be at risk. Between November 1991 and December 2016, 59 school shootings that resulted in at least one reported fatality occurred in 14 countries across the world. Nearly 3 in 4 of these happened in the United States. Children are at greatest risk of exposure to sexual violence within the context of close relationships. In the 28 countries with available data, 9 in 10 adolescent girls who have reported forced sex say it occurred for the first time at the hands of someone close or known to them, with current or former boyfriends, partners or husbands the most commonly reported perpetrators. Adolescent boys, too, face sexual abuse from those close to them: Friends, classmates and partners were among the most frequently cited perpetrators of the latest incident in 5 countries with comparable data (Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi and Nigeria). A REALITY THROUGHOUT CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE Violence often starts early. According to data from 30 countries, nearly half of children aged 12 to 23 months are subjected to corporal punishment at home and a similar proportion are exposed to verbal abuse. As children grow, they spend more time outside their homes and in online spaces. They begin to encounter and interact with more people, including peers and romantic partners. This widening of the social world, while beneficial in many respects, also creates situations in which children may be exposed to new forms of violence. Bullying is one example, experienced by close to 130 million students aged 13 to 15 worldwide. Although girls and boys are at risk of sexual violence at any age, girls become particularly vulnerable after puberty. Worldwide, the most recent surveys indicate that 9 million girls aged 15 to 19 were forced into sexual intercourse or other sexual acts within the past year. In 20 countries with comparable data, nearly 9 in 10 adolescent girls who reported having experienced forced sex say this happened for the first time during adolescence. Violent deaths also become more common in adolescence. In 2015 alone, there were around 119,000 violent deaths among children and adolescents below the age of 20; 2 in 3 victims were aged 10 to 19. Older adolescents, aged 15 to 19, are particularly vulnerable: They are three times more likely to die violently than younger adolescents aged 10 to 14. UNIVERSALITY AND INEQUITIES Violence is both common and widespread and no society is without some level of violence against its youngest members. Data confirm that some types, such as violent discipline, affect children from rich and poor households alike. However, certain groups of children remain particularly vulnerable to other forms of abuse. Knowing relevant risk factors can help ensure that protective measures reach those who need them most. For some types of violence, exposure and risk have a geographical component. For example, nearly half of all adolescent homicides occur in Latin America and the Caribbean, although the region comprises slightly less than 10 per cent of the global adolescent population. The five countries with the highest homicide rates among adolescents aged 10 to 19, as of 2015, are all located in this region (the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Honduras, Colombia, El Salvador and Brazil). Conflicts or civil insurrections kill more adolescents in the Middle East and North Africa than in all other regions combined. Only 6 per cent of the worlds adolescents live in this region, yet it accounts for more than 70 per cent of the adolescent deaths from collective violence. 8 The top five most deadly places for adolescent boys are countries in both regions the Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Colombia and El Salvador. For girls, the risk is highest in the Syrian Arab Republic, followed by Iraq, Afghanistan, Honduras and South Sudan. The data also point to some groups of adolescents being at greater risk of violent death based on individual characteristics, such as sex and race. The global homicide rate is four times higher among adolescent boys than girls. Perpetrators of homicide also reflect a distinctly gendered pattern: Males are much more likely to be killed by strangers. Almost half (47 per cent) of female homicide victims are killed by family members or intimate partners compared to about 6 per cent of males. 1In the United States a non-Hispanic Black adolescent boy is nearly 19 times more likely to be killed by homicide than a non-Hispanic White adolescent boy. If the homicide rate among non-Hispanic Black adolescent boys was applied nationwide, the United States would be one of the top 10 most deadly countries in the world. In 2015, the risk of being killed by homicide for non-Hispanic Black adolescent boys in the United States was higher than the risk of dying due to collective violence for adolescent boys living in a number of conflict-affected countries. While boys face a substantially higher risk of dying from violence, girls are generally more vulnerable to sexual victimization. However, the limited availability of data on boys related to sexual violence constrains our understanding of the risks they face. STILL HIDDEN Preventing violence against children requires a major shift in what societies regard as acceptable practices. Worldwide, around 1.1 billion caregivers, or slightly more than 1 in 4, admit to believing in the necessity of physical punishment as a form of discipline. To date, only 60 countries have adopted legislation that fully prohibits the use of corporal punishment at home, leaving more than 600 million children under age 5 without full legal protection. This lack of legal prohibitions is a clear sign that violent discipline remains a largely unacknowledged form of violence against children. While schools are entrusted with providing a safe environment for children to learn and thrive, laws prohibiting violence in educational settings remain scarce. Some 732 million school-age children, half the global population aged 6 to 17, live in countries where they are not legally protected from corporal punishment at school. A key reason why violence against children remains hidden is the reluctance of many victims to disclose their abuse, seek help to cope with the experience or take action to protect themselves from further victimization. Findings from 30 countries confirm this, with only 1 per cent of girls who had experienced forced sex saying they had sought professional help. This reluctance on the part of victims to report incidents to authorities or other professionals poses a challenge to exposing the true extent and nature of violence against children. Lack of data can hinder efforts to reveal the pervasive nature of violence. This in turn limits the effectiveness of initiatives to prevent it. While the past decade has seen a marked improvement in the availability of data on violence against children, certain types remain under-researched. In a notable example of this gap, just 40 countries have comparable statistics on sexual violence against girls, and only 7 have comparable data on sexual violence against boys. RIGHTING A GLOBAL WRONG The data and analysis presented in this report aim to influence the way we think and talk about the all-too-familiar faces of childhood violence. It is hoped that the findings will encourage governments, organizations and individuals everywhere to acknowledge the extent of violence against children and intensify their efforts to end it. Signs of progress are evident. Where
展开阅读全文