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The energy transition a great piece of work Offshore wind energyAn overview of activities in GermanyImprintPublisherFederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) Public Relations 11019 Berlin, Germany bmwi.deEdited byBMWiDesignmedia consulta Corporate Publishing GmbH, BerlinStatusFebruary 2015Printed byDruckhaus Rihn, BlombergIllustrationsDOTI/alpha ventus 2009, Photo Matthias Ibeler (title), Bundesregi-erung/Bergmann (p. 3), BMWi/Holger Vonderlind (p. 4), EnBW (p. 5), DOTI/alpha ventus 2010, Photo Matthias Ibeler (p. 6), EnBW (p. 7), Trianel/Lang (p. 8), Stiftung OFFSHORE-WINDENERGIE/ AREVA Wind/Jan Oelker (p. 9), EnBW/EnBW Baltic 1 (p. 10), DOTI/ alpha ventus 2009, Photo Matthias Ibeler (p. 13), TenneT TSO GmbH(p. 15), BLG Logistics Solutions GmbH & Co. KG (p. 18), DONG Energy(p. 22), Bundesamt fr Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie/Kristin Blasche (p. 24), Christoph Edelhoff (p. 25), IfA, Bundesamt fr Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie/Klaus Lucke (Schweinswal) (p. 26), Bundesamt fr Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie/Sebastian Fuhr-mann (p. 29), DOTI/alpha ventus 2011, Photo Matthias Ibeler (p. 30), EnBW (p. 31), Christoph Edelhoff (p. 32), AREVA Wind/Jan Oelker (p. 33), London Array Ltd. (p. 36), London Array Ltd. (p. 37), AREVA Wind/ Jan Oelker (p. 39), DOTI/Matthias Ibeler (p.40)This brochure is published as part of the public relations work of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. It is distributed free of charge and is not intended for sale. The distribution of this brochure at campaign events or at information stands run by po-litical parties is prohibited, and political party-related information or advertising shall not be inserted in, printed on, or affixed to this publication. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy was awarded the audit berufundfamilie for its family-friendly staff policy. The certificate is granted by berufundfamilie gGmbH, an initiative of the Hertie Foundation 1Foreword . 31. Status and milestones an introduction . 4The energy transition for the future . 4Paving the way for offshore wind energy . 5The first offshore wind farms . 82. Offshore wind farms in Germany . 10The approval process .10Costs of building and operating a windfarm .12Financing options .13The EEG provides impetus .13Supporting development of the grid .143. On the road to wind farms . 18The main components of a wind turbine .18Foundations for offshore wind turbines .18Turbines .20Connecting a wind farm .21Ports hubs of offshore wind energy .21Ports for large components .22Service ports .23Research, development testing and training .234. Environmental benefits . 24RAVE research initiative .24FINO 1, 2, 3 .25The marine environment .26Benthos and fish .295. Rotor as motor . 30Economic acceleration .30Upswing in the labour market .33Education and further training .346. International cooperation . 36EU funding .36NorthSeaGrid .37North Sea Countries Offshore Grid Initiative .38German-French Renewable Energy Coordination Office .38Cooperation in the Field of Research on Offshore Wind Energy Deployment .39South Baltic Offer .39International Energy Agency .40International associations .40Content3Sigmar Gabriel, Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and EnergyYours, Dear Readers,By the end of this year, more than 3,000 megawatts of offshore capacity will have been installed in the Ger-man North Sea and Baltic Sea. This marks the arrival of the industrialisation phase for offshore wind energy in Germany, which holds the potential to reduce energy costs further in future. In 2014, we introduced important legal parameters which permit the determination of funding levels within calls for tender, as we also seek to reduce en-ergy costs by attracting increased competition. The learn-ing curve of recent years has resulted in new technological developments, this particularly evident in wind turbines, which play an important role in the energy transition.The experience gained in these depths of water and at these coastal distances is globally unparalleled. As a result, investors, manufacturers, contractors, suppliers and logistics specialists as well as policy-makers have learned important lessons, facilitating the resolute expansion of offshore wind energy. These lessons apply to both techni-cal and economic issues and legal questions.It is already apparent that we set the right course with last years reform of the Renewable Energy Sources Act: since the act came into effect, further investment decisions for new offshore wind farms from 2015 onwards have been taken.The industry is also sending out positive signals, both in terms of technical innovation in wind turbines and in regards to the logistical challenges associated with constructing and operating the plants. That is why I am confident that we will soon be able to achieve the indus-trys planned cost reductions.One thing is certain: both the industry and investors will find very clear legal frameworks up to 2020. These frame-works are accompanied by stable economic prospects for the upcoming projects, which constitute both an opportu-nity and an obligation for the industry. The opportunity lies in the option of industrialising offshore wind energy now. Yet, at the same time, we have an obligation to reduce costs significantly in the interest of electricity consumers. The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs is also a reliable partner in this respect, particularly as regards overseeing research and development work that leads to reduced costs and increased efficiency, or the removal of bureaucratic hurdles.If the energy transition is to be a success, it is crucial that we synchronise all aspects of the energy supply system. This is why we continue to develop and dovetail the design of the electricity market, energy efficiency and the elec-tricity grid itself nationally and at a European level. Only in this way can the chosen course for the energy transition be successful in the long run.A change in the funding system for renewable energies is due from 2017 onwards. This year and next, we will be holding mutual discussions regarding the drafting of calls for tender for the funding of individual technologies, with the goal of operating offshore wind farms more efficiently and cost-effectively in future. Competition in allocation procedures and a greater variety of stakeholders will lead to the success of the energy transition and go hand in hand with technological progress.All the elements are in place. It is now time to pick up the pace and meet this ambitious schedule. This brochure seeks to clarify the complex interrelationships, describe the major technical challenges and accentuate the remark-able performance of the German economy in this area. I wish you a pleasant read.FOREWORD4The energy transition for the futureThe essential framework for the expansion of renewable energies was laid down in the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG), which came into force in 2000. The EEG acted as a door opener for the technology, then still in its infancy, through a sys-tem of targeted incentives. It guaranteed the acceptance and priority access of renewable energy and introduced fixed payments. As a result of this funding, renewable energies underwent a transformation from niche products to one of the mainstays of our energy supply. The cost of electricity production from renewable energy sources fell significantly. However, the rapid expansion also led to an increase in the EEG surcharge for electricity consumers. As a result, the German government fundamentally re-formed the Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2014.Under the special equalisation scheme, energy-intensive industrial companies that face international competition are charged a reduced EEG surcharge or none at all. In ad-dition, the reform is driving the integration of renewable sources within the electricity market by committing the operators of major new plants to direct marketing of the electricity they produce.It is vital to reduce the cost of further expansion. On the one hand, this is achieved through a strengthening of the competition. In the future, a tendering system should be used to determine the level of funding for electricity from renewable sources. On the other hand, the EEG is now focusing increasingly on the cheaper energy sources pho-tovoltaic and wind energy. The latter in particular has de-veloped into a key part of the energy transition. It already provides more than eight per cent of the power supply.The energy transition is one of the most important ventures of our time. The restructuring of our energy system permits us to phase out nuclear energy, makes Germany less reliant on imported fossil fuels and reduces CO2emissions. By 2050, renewable energy is expected to provide up to 80 per cent of our power supply. In addition, the energy transition acts as a modernising force within our industrial society and creates sustainable jobs through innovation. For this generational task to become an ecological and economic success story, energy must remain affordable and secure. Only then can Germany remain competitive as an industrial centre.Chapter 1 Status and milestones an introduction5In order to fully plan and manage the expansion and to ensure the economic viability of wind farms, an expan-sion pathway has been put in place. The annual expansion amount should lie between 2.4 and 2.6 gigawatts (gross).Paving the way for offshore wind energyIt goes without saying that regulations on the use of wind energy at sea also exist (
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