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2019 年 2 月粤港澳大湾区数字经济与人才发展研究报告DIGITAL ECONOMY AND TALENT DEVELOPMENTIN THE GUANGDONG-HONG KONG-MACAU GREATER BAY AREA课题组RESEARCH GROUP清华大学经济管理学院互联网发展与治理研究中心陈煜波 清华大学经济管理学院党委书记兼副院长、教授清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心主 任马晔风 中国社会科学院数量经济与技术经济研究所助理研究员清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心秘书 长黄 鹤 清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心博士后研究员邢景丽 清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心博士后研究员赵逸书 清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心研究助理本研究由清华大学经管学院互联网发展与治理研究中心、领英中国经济图谱团队合作完成,特别感谢领英中国经济图谱团队在数据分析方面给予的支持,感谢国家自然科学基金(71532006,71325005)、国家万人计划青年拔尖人才项目以及教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地项目资助(16JJD630006)。获取电子版请联系 cidgsem.tsinghua.edu清华经管互联网发展与治理研究中心 / LinkedIn(领英)2019 版权所有02 / 2019领英经济图谱研究团队王延平 领英中国公共事务总经理 Pei Ying Chua 蔡佩颖 领英经济图谱高级数据科学家 孙菁泽 领英中国公共事务顾问、经济图谱项目负责人 魏 岩 领英中国公共事务顾问 任 玥 领英中国公共事务顾问 Di Mo 莫迪 领英经济图谱经济研究员、数据科学家 Jenny Ying 应知淳 领英经济图谱经济研究员、数据科学家核心发现Key Findings以珠江为界,粤港澳湾区劳动力分布大体上呈现出东强西弱的状态,深圳、香港、广州是三大核心城市。2016- 2017 年珠江西岸城市中仅有珠海的劳动力呈现出上升趋势。01 020910粤港澳湾区制造业劳动力占比最高,超过40%。与全国水平相比,粤港澳湾区的优势行业包括制造、批发和零售、交通仓储和邮政、房地产、租赁和商务服务、信息传输、软件和信息服务等。与旧金山湾区和悉尼相比,粤港澳湾区的人才队伍更加年轻,但并不“年幼”,兼具发展能力和发展潜力。粤港澳湾区的重点人才储备比较丰富,研究类人才多分布在科技创新企业中,数字人才多集中在ICT基础型行业,但高校研究人才和创业类人才相对较少,人才的国际联通程度比较低。与全国其他数字经济中心城市相比,相比于北京和武汉,粤港澳湾区对数字人才具有更强吸引力,和上海、成都相比吸引力比较接近,但与杭州相比粤港澳湾区对数字人才吸引力偏低。粤港澳湾区的高水平人才和数字人才在深圳、广州和香港三大城市最为集中,其中深圳排在首位。湾区人才的平均数字化程度为26.98%,深圳超过30%,远高于其他城市。粤港澳湾区在制造、消费品和ICT三大行业的高水平人才占比最高,均超过 10%。从行业人才的数字化程度看,ICT行业数字化程度超过 80%,基础型数字经济发展水平较高;而制造、零售、金融、公司等传统优势行业中的数字化程度相对较低,融合型数字经济发展水平有待提高。粤港澳湾区人才的教育背景丰富,超过25%的人才具有国际教育背景,30%以上具有研究生及以上学历;专业以工商管理、经济、金融等经管类专业为主,计算机科学等 ICT 专业排名较高;技能以项目管理、领导力等行业通用技能为主,数字技能的融合程度不高。030405060708粤港澳湾区在劳动力整体、高水平人才和数字人才三方面均处于净流入状态。深圳对人才的吸引力最强,远超其他城市,在湾区内部更是人才聚集的中心,尤其在数字人才方面更加明显,突显出深圳在粤港澳湾区的核心地位。粤港澳湾区各城市行业发展各具特色,广州的行业人才分布最为均衡,深圳ICT 行业人才优势突出,香港金融行业和教育行业人才优势明显,澳门着重于旅游度假行业,珠海、东莞、佛山、惠州四个广东城市的人才同质性较高,主要集中于制造和消费品行业。The labor force distribution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (“Bay Area”) is more strongly concentrated to the east of the Pearl River, with Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Guangzhou as the three core cities. Between 2016 and 2017, among the cities to the west of the Pearl River, only Zhuhai showed an upward trend of labor force growth.In the manufacturing sector, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area has the highest proportion of the national labor force, at more than 40%. In comparison to the rest of the country, the advantaged sectors in the Bay Area include manufacturing, wholesale and retail, transportation, storage and postage, real estate, leasing and business services, information transmission, software and information services.In the Bay Area, high level talents and digital talnts are mostly concentrated in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hong Kong, among which Shenzhen ranks first. The average level of digitization of the talents in the Bay Area is 26.98%, and in Shenzhen is more than 30%, which is leading other cities.The Bay Area has the highest proportion of high level talents in manufacturing, consumer goods and ICT industries, all exceeding 10%. In terms of digital talents within industry, the degree of digitization of the ICT industry is more than 80%, and the development level of the basic digital economy is relatively higher. Meanwhile, the degree of digitization of traditional dominant industries such as manufacturing, retail, financial services is relatively low, and the development level of integrated digital economy needs to be improved. Talents in the Bay Area are diverse when it comes to educational background - more than 25% of which have studied abroad; over 30% of which have masters or doctoral degrees.They are majored in economics and management related fields including business management, economics, financial services, etc., among which ICT-relevant specialties such as computer science ranks high. And they possess general-purpose skills such as project management and leadership, with a relatively low level of integration with digital skills.Cities in the Bay Area show distinctive characters in terms of industrial development. Guangzhou features the most balanced talent distribution among industries; Shenzhen has outstanding advantages in ICT-relevant talent; Hong Kong boasts remarkable advantages in financial and educational talent; Macau focuses on the tourism and vacation industry; the other four cities in Guangdong province possess talents mostly in manufacturing and consumer goods.The Bay Area is characterized by net inflow among the spectrum of overall labor force, high level talent and digital talent. Shenzhen is much more attractive to talent than the other cities in the Bay Area, where it becomes the center of talent aggregation, especially it highlights the core role that Shenzhen is playing in terms of attraction to digital talentpared with other Chinese cities as hubs of digital economy, such as Beijing and Wuhan, cities in the Bay Area are much more attractive to digital talent. The level of attraction is similar to Shanghai and Chengdu but its far behind Hangzhou in this aspect.The Bay Area has a large number of talents in regionally significant areas. Researchers mostly work for tech innovation-oriented firms; people with digital expertise tend to be in basic ICT-relevant areas. But there are relatively smaller numbers of university-based researchers and entrepreneurs. And local talent shows a rather simple pattern of international connectionspared with San Francisco Bay Area and Sydney, the Bay Area features a group of talent who are younger but not excessively young, with capabilities and potential of development.Key Findings01020304050607080910目录CONTENTS03粤港澳大湾区就业现状 12EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF THE GUANGDONG-HONG KONG-MACAU GREATER BAY AREA3.1 总体劳动力就业情况 133.2 高水平人才和数字人才就业现状 1701引言 1INTRODUCTION02粤港澳大湾区数字经济发展现状 2DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUANGDONG-HONG KONG-MACAU GREATER BAY AREA2.1 大湾区战略规划和数字经济实践 32.2 粤港澳大湾区数字经济发展态势 1005湾区人才对标 42BAY AREA TALENT BENCHMARK 5.1 重点人才储备 435.2 人才特点 445.3 人才的国际联通情况 4606总结与建议 47SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS04粤港澳大湾区的人才流动情况 30TALENT MIGRATION IN THE GUANGDONG-HONG KONG-MACAU GREATER BAY AREA4.1 国际流动情况分析 324.2 国内流动情况分析 344.3 湾区内流动情况分析 37Digital Economy and Talent Development in the Guangdong- Hong Kong- Macau Greater Bay Area1从 1978 年到 2018 年改革开放 40 年,中国经济取得了飞跃式的发展,粤港澳湾区涵盖香港和澳门两大特别行政区、深圳和珠海两大经济特区、广东自由贸易试验区、珠海横琴和广州南沙两大国家级新区,是中国改革程度最深、对外开放程度最高、经济发展水平最高的区域之一。自2017年3月“粤港澳大湾区”首次被写进政府工作报告以来,国家和粤港澳地方政府不断制定和完善大湾区建设政策框架和协议,并将之列为“推动香港、澳门融入国家发展大局”的重大战略举措和“一带一路”总规划的核心节点,是国家建设世界级城市群和参与全球竞争的重要空间载体。2018年10 月港珠澳大桥的开通将香港到珠海、澳门的距离缩短至45分钟,进一步提升了粤港澳湾区内部联通性,对于推动区域协调发展具有战略意义。然而,在全球竞争日益激烈、贸易保护主义不断抬头的当今时代,传统的经济形态难以满足湾区日益增长的发展空间需求。推动新型湾区建设应与传统工业城市群有所差别,尤其需要新型经济的推动,发展新产业,生成新业态,创造新商业模式。数字经济的兴起为粤港澳湾区发展带来了新的机遇。它以数字化知识和信息作为关键生产要素、以现代信息网络为重要载体、以信息通信技术的有效使用作为效率提升和经济结构优化的重要推动力,通过创新技术带动引领产业转型和变革。无论在2016 年杭州 G20 会议,或是 2017 年金砖国家峰会,还是 2018 年联合国秘书长古特雷斯提出数字合作倡议,数字经济正逐渐成为世界的主流经济形态,已经成为当前世界经济发展的主要推动力量,中国在其中扮演着重要角色。在湾区建设中,数字经济能够通过大数据、“互联网 +”、人工智能、智能制造等多个领域拓展发展空间,帮助湾区更便捷地找寻资源配置和生产要素组合,帮助各城市突出自身特色与功能定位,最大程度发挥集聚效应、分工效应、协作效应和规模效应。在大湾区建设和数字化转型的大背景下,人才扮演着越来越重要的作用,成为推动技术创新、产业协同、城市共融、制度创新的重要驱动力,是数字经济发展的重要支撑和基础保障。本报告从人才角度入手,结合粤港澳湾区的劳动力就业数据和从领英人才数据库抽取的人才样本,深入分析并呈现了粤港澳湾区高水平人才和数字人才的就业现状、行业分布、人才特征和流动特点等,并对标分析了粤港澳湾区与国际著名湾区的人才差异,进而突出粤港澳湾区人才特色和优势,以便于为湾区发展提供一系列政策建议。01引言INTRODUCTION2粤港澳大湾区数字经济与人才发展研 究报告粤港澳大湾区数字经济发展现状DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GUANGDONG-HONG KONG-MACAUGREATER BAY AREA02
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