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Special report In search of solutions Next generation immuno-oncology research in Mainland China 寻找解决方案 特别报告 中国大陆的下一代肿瘤免疫研究 1 目录 引言 . 2 寻找“热门”的肿瘤免疫(I-O)靶点 . 3 数据集创建方法 . 3 数据总览和药物项目开发状况 . 4 人类白细胞抗原(HLA) I 类分子 . 4 其他靶点 . 4 靶点概述 . 6 “热门”靶点的技术分析 . 8 “热门”靶点和技术类型与项目发起公司总部所在地区分析 . 9 联合给药 . 13 项目合作与交易 . 14 肿瘤免疫领域的项目交易分析 . 15 项目交易分析的方法 . 15 数据总览:交易类型和时间分析 . 15 I-O 交易与交易公司总部的地区分析 . 18 肿瘤免疫市场:中国大陆与全球 . 21 结论 . 23 参考文献 . 24 编纂委员会 . 24 2 引言 肿瘤免疫( Immuno-oncology,I-O)目前是投资高度密集的领域,特别是随着第一代靶向程序性死 亡蛋白( PD-1/PD-L1)的免疫检查点抑制剂的成功开发,该领域进入了跳跃式发展。基于此,为进 一步提高药物的药效和临床疗效,研发者开始寻找其他免疫治疗靶点,即 “下一代” I-O药物。 从商业上来看, I-O药物的开发一直由大型跨国制药公司主导。中国大陆虽然拥有全球第二大 制药市场,但是在开发这类创新药物方面已滞后于西方国家。意识到这一点,目前正在努力改 善现状。截至本文完稿,中国大陆已有五个抗PD-1 / PD-L1抗体产品上市,其中两个为全球市 场引领者默克公司的可瑞达 ( Keytruda ,通用名帕博利珠单抗)和百时美施贵宝的欧狄沃 ( Opdivo ,通用名纳武利尤单抗),而另外三个均由中国的公司开发。不止于此,中国大陆的投 资项目正在积极布局下一代免疫治疗靶点,包括采用诸如CAR-T等顶尖技术。 在本报告中,我们分析了一些具有前瞻性的下一代I-O 靶点,特别关注全球视野下中国大陆的研 发情况,同时也预测了随着时间的推移中国大陆的I-O 市场发展趋势,以及其对全球市场的潜在 影响。 3 3 Identifying the “top” immuno-oncology (I-O) targets * Dataset selection methodology We began by looking at research projects globally in order to identify the potential next generation I- O targets. We searched Cortellis Competitive Intelligence for all active drug projects categorized as “immuno- oncology” (I-O). Accordingly, the relevance of the extracted drug projects is entirely dependent upon the accuracy of this tagging * We then rank-ordered the designated target-based actions for the extracted drug programs by frequency of occurrence. Targets for which launched drugs are already available (such as CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1) were excluded on the grounds that they are “precedented targets.” This list of targets was cross-checked against a download of I-O targets from Integrity, a Cortellis solution, to identify any frequently-addressed targets that might be missing from the Cortellis- generated list. No additional “unprecedented” targets were identified among the targets occurring with a frequency of 10 or greater. i Next, we refined the finalized list of targets manually (including a nomenclature check against the scientific literature and the consolidation of overlapping target-based actions) to create a short-list of 18 “top” targets: Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence * “Top” target classification relates to only to volume of R Oligo = oligonucleotide (includes antisense oligonucleotides); Other includes various cancer vaccine approaches, such as oncolytic viral therapies and intratumoral injection of antigens Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence Cell therapy was identified as the most common approach for tumor-specific antigen targets and for targets affecting the tumor microenvironment (inducing innate immunity): BCMAnull MnullC-nullnullInull -nullnull mesothelinnull nullnull-null -nulland nullnullCnull Antinullodies were identified as the most common approach for the null-cell specific targets (null-nullBBnull null - null nullnullnullnull nullInull nullM -nulland null Inull and for Cnullnull and Cnullnullnull Small molecules are the most common approach for targeting Inull and SnullInullnullnull nullor Inull these small molecules are generally synthesinulled chemical moleculesnull nullor SnullInullnull the original approach was to use cyclic dinucleotides intratumorally administerednull although the trend is now moving toward non- nucleotide agents and trying to find an alternate to intratumoral delivery that retains similar specificitynull nullnull -nulleta is interesting in that there is a wide range of different approaches under investigation against this targetnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull nullnull 8null nullnull nullnull Cell therapy Anull Bispecificnulltrispecificnulldual target-Anull nullroteinnullpeptide nullusionnullnullispecific protein nullligo nullther small molecule nullther 细胞治疗 双特异性/三特异性/双靶点抗体 融合/双特异性蛋白 其他小分子 抗体(包括单克隆抗体、单价抗体和嵌合抗体) 蛋白/多肽 寡核苷酸(包括反义寡核苷酸) 其他,包括各种癌症疫苗疗法,如溶瘤病毒疗法和瘤内注射抗原 9 “热门”靶点和技术类型与项目发起公司总部所在地区分析 中国大陆的公司在某些靶点的开发非常活跃(超过25的公司),例如BCMA 、 IDO、 OX40、 CD47、 间皮素、 MUC-1和 GPC3,但这些公司对TGF-、 4-1BB、 IL-15和 TIM-3靶点开发相对不活跃,且未见与 STING和GITR靶点相关的项目。 在所有开发靶向“热门”靶点药物的公司中,美国的公司占30及以上的比例。 来源: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence竞争情报 9 Analysis of “top” targets and technological approaches by geographic location of originating companys headquarters U.S.-based companies account for 30% or more of all the companies working on each of the “top” targets. Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence Companies based in Mainland China are also very active (more than 25% of companies) on some of the targets, e.g., BCMA, IDO, OX40, CD47, mesothelin, MUC-1 and GPC3. These companies are relatively inactive against TGF-beta, 4-1BB, IL-15 and TIM-3, and absent from programs targeting STING and GITR. * * As of August 2019, Cortellis indicates that one Chinese company, Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine, has initiated a Phase I trial against the IL-15 target (SHR-1501 is an IL-15 super agonist and IL-15R alpha-Fc fusion complex) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% N u m b e r o f c o m p a n i e s % c o m p a n i es b y r e g i o n o f H Q 1 2019年8月,一家中国的公司江苏恒瑞制药,已经启动一个靶向IL-15的I期临床研究项目(SHR-1501) ,据 悉SHR-1501是一种IL-15超级激动剂和IL-15R -Fc 融合蛋白的复合物) 原研公司总部所在地 公司总部区域占比 公司数量 美国 欧洲 中国大陆 其他 非公司 10 生物大分子(包括抗体,蛋白质,双特异性抗体和融合蛋白)占所有开发项目的50甚至更多,只 有中国大陆除外。在中国大陆细胞治疗的开发则占主导地位,占这些公司所有开发项目的50。 寡核苷酸法似乎仅限于美国和欧洲地区的公司在开展。而在除美国、欧洲和中国大陆以外的国 家中,其他小分子项目几乎占据总项目数的四分之一。 按项目技术类型和项目发起者总部所在国家(地区)分类分析: 美国 欧洲 其他中国大陆 10 Looking at the breakdown of technological approaches by country/region of project originators headquarters: Ab = antibody (includes monoclonal, mononullalent and chimeric antibodiesnullnull nullligo = oligonucleotide (includes antisense oligonucleotidesnullnull nullther includes nullarious cancer nullaccine approaches, such as oncolytic nulliral therapies and intratumoral injection of antigensnull Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence Biological molecules (including antibodies, proteins, bispecific antibodies and fusion proteins) constitute 50% or more of all company activity, nullitnulltnull enullception of nullainland Cnullnanull In nullainland Cnullina, cell tnullrapy dominates, constituting nearly 50% of all approacnulls undernullay at tnullse companiesnull nullligonucleotide approacnulles appear to be restricted to nullnullSnull and nullnull companies, nullnullereas in countries outside tnulle nullnullSnull, nullnull and nullainland Cnullina, otnuller small molecule approacnulles account for almost a nulluarter of tnulle total company activitynull 0% 10% null0% null0% null0% 50% null0% null0% null0% null0% 100% nullnull null nullainland Cnullna nulltnuller null Bispecificnulltrispecificnulldual targetnullnullb nullroteinnullpeptide nullusionnullbispecific protein nullligo nulltnuller small molecule Cell tnullerapy nulltnuller 细胞治疗 抗体(包括单克隆抗体、单价抗体和嵌合抗体) 寡核苷酸(包括反义寡核苷酸) 蛋白/多肽 双特异性/三特异性/双靶点抗体 其他小分子 融合/双特异性蛋白 其他,包括各种癌症疫苗疗法, 如溶瘤病毒疗法和瘤内注射抗原 11 根据将药物记录添加到Cortellis数据库的日期,我们可以获得细胞治疗的发展趋势。 2017和 2018 年间,全球和中国大陆的细胞治疗项目均出现飞跃式增长。 2019年中国大陆的新开展项目增速 似乎有所放缓。 细胞疗法的“热门”靶点有BCMA 、 4-1BB、 GPC3、 IL-15、间皮素、 MUC-1、 NY-ESO-1和 TGF-。中国大陆 的公司仅覆盖了其中五个靶点(BCMA 、 GPC3、 mesothelin、 MUC-1和NY-ESO-1) 。 其中BCMA仅用于多发性骨髓瘤, GPC3主要用于肝癌靶向药开发。其他靶点皆可用于不同类型的 肿瘤靶向药开发,包括胰腺癌、乳腺癌和肺癌。 靶向4-1BB的细胞疗法的研究尚处于发现阶段,由两家美国公司Heat Biologics和 Rubius Therapeutics开创。针对 TGF-的细胞治疗处于临床研究早期阶段,主要用于生殖器官肿瘤和鼻 咽肿瘤。 少数大型制药公司(新基医药、吉列德、 GSK、杨森和大冢)正在通过收购或合作来开展细胞治疗。 大多数细胞疗法是由较小的公司、医院或学术团体开展,特别是在中国大陆(请参见下表)。 对细胞治疗进一步分析 11 Looking specifically at cell therapy approaches: Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence By looking at the date on which the drug records were added to the Cortellis database, we can obtain a surrogate measure of the historical trend in volume of cell therapy activity. Activity has ramped up in 2017 and 2018, both globally and in Mainland China. There appears to be a slowdown in new project activity in Mainland China in 2019, although a potential lag in such projects appearing in the Cortellis system may be a contributing factor here. The “top” targets being addressed by cell therapy are BCMA, 4-1BB, GPC3, IL-15, mesothelin, MUC- 1, NY-ESO-1 and TGF-beta. Only five of these targets are being progressed by Mainland China- based companies (BCMA, GPC3, mesothelin, MUC-1 and NY-ESO-1). BCMA is being pursued exclusively for multiple myeloma, and GPC3 predominantly for liver cancer. The other targets are being looked at in relation to a range of different cancers, including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer. Work on cell therapy approaches targeting 4-1BB is only at the discovery stage and being pioneered by two U.S.-based companies, Heat Biologics and Rubius Therapeutics. Work on cell therapy targeting TGF-beta is in early clinical studies, and mainly focused on tumors of the reproductive organs and nasopharyngeal tumors. A handful of major pharmaceutical companies (Celgene, Gilead, GSK, Janssen and Otsuka) are pursuing cell therapies, all via acquisitions or collaborations. Most of the cell therapy work is being carried out by smaller companies, hospitals or academic groups, especially in Mainland China: Allife Medical Science and Technology Co Ltd Arbele Ltd Beijing Immunochina Medical Science & Technology Co Ltd Benhealth Biopharmaceutical (Shenzhen) Co Ltd Carsgen Therapeutics Ltd Chinese PLA General Hospital Eden BioCell Ltd Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Guangzhou Xiangxue Pharmaceutical Co Ltd Huazhong University of Science and Technology Innovative Cellular Therapeutics Co Ltd Marino Biotechnology Co Ltd Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Nanjing Legend Biotech Co Ltd PersonGen Biomedicine (Suzhou) Co Ltd Pregene (Shenzhen) Biotechnology Co Ltd Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute Shanghai GeneChem Co Ltd Shanghai Hrain Biotechnology Shanghai Unicar-Therapy Bio-medicine Technology Co Ltd Shenzhen BinDeBio Ltd. Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Wuhan Bio-Raid Biotechnology Co Ltd In Mainland China, cell therapy dominates, constituting nearly 50% of all approaches underway. Most of the cell therapy work is being carried out by smaller companies, hospitals or academic groups, especially in Mainland China. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Number of cell therapy programs by year (date record added to Cortellis) 2012-2019细胞治疗项目数量(以Cortellis收录时间计算) 全球项目数量 中国项目数量 在中国大陆,细胞治 疗占主导地位,在目 前疗法中占到接近 50%。 大多数细胞疗法是 由小型公司、医院或 学术机构主导的,这 种现象在中国大陆 尤甚。 12 开展细胞治疗的中国大陆公司/机构: 呈诺医学 艾贝乐医药科技有限公司 北京艺妙神州医药科技有限公司 本康生物制药(深圳)有限公司 科济生物医药(上海)有限公司 中国人民解放军总医院 Eden BioCell Ltd中国科学院 广州生物医药与健康研究院 广州市香雪制药有限公司 华中科技大学 上海斯丹赛生物技术有限公司 北京马力喏生物科技有限公司 南京鼓楼医院 南京传奇生物科技有限公司 博生吉医药科技(苏州)有限公司 普瑞金(深圳)生物技术有限公司 上海细胞治疗集团 上海吉凯基因化学技术有限公司 上海恒润达生生物科技有限公司 上海优卡迪生物医药科技有限公司 深圳宾德生物技术有限公司 深圳市免疫基因治疗研究院 广州医科大学附属第二医院 武汉波睿达生物科技有限公司 政府监管机构正在调整法规以适应细胞治疗领域的发展,美国食品药品监督管理局( FDA)的 生 物制剂评估和研究中心( CBER)于 2016年 12月推出了再生医学先进治疗( RMAT)法则。按照该法 则申报的产品包括细胞治疗、治疗性组织工程产品和人类细胞或组织产品,这一类产品的申报 一直在稳步增长: 在中国大陆,国家药品监督管理局( NMPA)最近对改进细胞和基因治疗的技术评估和监管的承 诺采取了后续行动,将这些疗法纳入其第一批行动计划。大学和科研机构将通过开展一些评估 和帮助开发新的工具、标准和方法来支持行动计划。 NMPA还希望通过这一举措促进监管的进 步,并可同步对该领域工作人员进行培训。 财政年度 总申请数 批准数 拒绝数 撤回数 交易额 2017 31 11 18 2 9.128亿 2018 47 18 27 2 3.75亿 2019 30 11 13 1 1.106亿 该总数包括正在审批中的产品 数据来源:美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA ) 13 联合给药 第一个免疫检查点抑制剂抗CTLA-4抗体伊匹木单抗( ipilimumab)于 2011年获批用于治 疗转移性黑色素瘤。 2014年,针对程序性死亡受体1 蛋 白( PD-1)的第一个抗体帕博利珠单抗 ( Pembrolizumab)经美国FDA 批准用于相同适应症。帕博利珠单抗彻底改变了抗肿瘤治疗在多 种适应症的治疗效果。然而,该疗法仍然有其局限性,目前最常见的一种研究是将这些现有已上 市药物与靶向其他免疫调节靶点的新药联合用药。 因此,上述17个“热门”靶点不仅以单药疗法正在研究评价中,和一种或多种已上市免疫治疗剂 (靶向 CD3、 CD19、 CTLA-4或PD-1/PD-L1的抗体)进行联合给药的临床试验也在开展中: 如上表所示,所有靶点均已或正在与PD-1或 PD-L1抑制剂(主要是帕博利珠单抗和纳武利尤单 抗)进行联合给药研究,其中近一半也与CTLA-4抑制剂(主要是伊匹木单抗)联合给药。 CD3 CD19 CTLA-4 PD-1/PD-L1 4-1BB GITR LAG-3 OX40 TIGIT TIM-3 IDO IL-15 STING TGF-B APRIL/BCMA CD47 CD73 GPC3 MESOTHELIN MUC-1 NY-ESO-1 I-O热门靶点与成熟靶点联用一览 14 项目合作及交易 大多数( 78)“热门”靶点项目是由发起该项目的同一家公司开发。 与其他靶点相比, TIM-3和 TGF-两个靶点在涉及许可交易/ 收购或正在合作开发的项目中占比相 对较高。 14 Collaborative activities Most of the “top” target programs (78%) are being developed by the same company that originated the project. TIM-3 and TGF-beta have the greatest proportion of programs that involve a licensing deal/acquisition or are being developed in a partnership: Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence When we look at Mainland China alone, the volume of self-originated activity is even higher, with only 7% of programs being developed via an in-licensing/acquisition or partnership deal. BCMA, IDO, 4-1BB, CD73 and TGF-beta are the targets where some partnership activity is evident. As with the global picture, TGF-beta is the target around which most partnerships focused, followed by CD73 and 4-1BB. Source: Cortellis Competitive Intelligence 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Top target I-O programs by originator 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% N u m b e r o f p r o j e c t s Top target programs by originator for Mainland China only N u m b e r o f p r o j e c t s 而在中国大陆,自主研发的项目数量比例更高,仅有7 的项目通过许可/ 收购或合作开发,所涉 猎靶点主要有BCMA 、 IDO、 4-1BB、 CD73和 TGF-。与全球情况类似, TGF-是主要的合作开发靶点, 其次是CD73和4-1BB 。 I-O热门靶点项目中自主研发占比 中国大陆I-O热门靶点项目中自主研发占比 项目数量 开发公司为原研公司 开发公司为原研公司 开发公司为非原研公司 项目数量 开发公司为非原研公司 15 肿瘤免疫领域的项目交易分析 项目交易分析的方法 从 Cortellis交易情报数据库中提取所有标记为“肿瘤免疫”且交易类型为“许可、合资或仅研究” 的项目,交易日期为2013年1月1日至2019年5月31日,提取到1051笔交易,然后进一步分类分析。 2 在这1,051笔交易中有805笔注明具体靶点,其中164笔属于我们确定的“热门”靶点之一,有323笔 涉及PD-1/PD-L1 。 数据总览:交易类型和时间分析 近年来, I-O领域商业交易总量从2013年的39笔到2018年的269 笔,增长了7 倍以上。而同期制药领 域总交易量仅增长了4%(2838增至2957) 。 2019年前五个月I-O交易数量居高不下,表明今年将与2018年持平(如果年底的交易量出现增长, 这一数字可能会超过2018年)。如下图所示,大多数已明确的交易是侧重于药物本身的交易或研 究合作: 注:本节中所有图表均使用Cortellis交易情报数据创建 ,如前所述,我们首先查看全球数据,然后按地区进 行分析。 2 数据获取时间2019年6月 15 Analysis of deal-making in the immuno- oncology space Methodology for deals analysis As described earlier, our first step was to look at the global dataset and then proceed to the geographic analysis. All deals tagged as “immuno-oncology” with a deal transaction type of “Licensing, Joint nullenture or nullesearch nullnly” and a deal start date between January 1, null1nulland nullay null, null1nullwere enulltracted from the nullortellis nulleals nullntelligence database. null nullhe resulting list of 1,1nullnull deals was filtered manually to enullclude any completed or pending deals, any deals that did not in fact pertain to oncology, and those concerning non-null-null agents nullincluding biosimilarsnull. nullhis filtered list, which was then used for further analysis, contained 1,null51 deals. nullf these 1,null51 deals, nullnull5 hanulle a specific target listed, and 1nullnull are focused on one of our identified “top” targets. nullf the nullnull5 with a specific target, nullnullnull are focused on the nullnull-1nullnull -L1 target. Overview of the dataset and analysis of deals by agreement type and year nullhe total nullolume of null-null deals has increased more than senullen-fold in recent years, from nullust nullnull deals in null1nullto nullnullin null1null nullhis is in contrast to the broader deal -making landscape, which has seen only
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