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SAHEL EDUCATION WHITE PAPERThe Wealth of Today and TomorrowPHOTO BY: OLIVER GIRARD/WORLD BANKPublic Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure AuthorizedPHOTO BY: WORLD BANK2 Summit editionPHOTO BY: WORLD BANKSAHEL EDUCATION WHITE PAPER THE WEALTH OF TODAY AND TOMORROWContents4 Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow Summit editionContentsExecutive Summary 9Acknowledgments 13Abbreviations 141. Education progress, challenges, and strengths to build on in the Sahel countries 151.1. Whats at stake: Education for development in the Sahel region 161.2. Progress: Enrollment and attainment gains, in a race between expanded access and surging populations 181.3. Challenges: Widespread learning poverty driven by low-quality education and continued enrollment gaps, with stark inequalities 191.4. The causes of poor outcomes: proximate and systemic factors in basic education 261.4.1. Learners inadequately prepared and supported to succeed 261.4.2. Teachers: Shortages, absences, and skill gaps 291.4.3. Learning resources are insufficient and not well-adapted: materials, curriculum, and instructional policies 321.4.4. School infrastructure: gaps in facilities and school climate 341.4.5. System management: Low capacity and incoherence that contribute to school-level challenges 351.4.6. Public financing: inadequate, inefficient, and at times inequitable spending 361.5. Beyond the system: fragility and conflict drive challenges and shape demands on education 401.6. Leveraging regional strengths to meet the Sahels education challenges 441.6.1. Regional cooperation offers promise for improving education systems more efficiently 441.6.2. Strength of community commitment to education 441.6.3. Possibilities created by non-state education providers 46Recognizing and incorporating Koranic schools into the formal education system 471.6.4. National reform initiatives in the region 49ContentsSummit edition Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow 52. A new strategic approach for World Bank supportquick wins, sustained progress 512.1. Focused and ambitious goals catalyzed by political commitment 522.2. Game-changers: Policies and programs that can quickly make progress towards the three goals 542.2.1. Reducing learning poverty 54Improving early childhood development 54Efficiently expand access to decent primary schools 55Improve effectiveness of early-grade teaching of literacy and other foundational skills 582.2.2. Increasing girls participation rates in secondary education 602.2.3. Increasing young adult literacy rates, with a focus on young women 642.2.4. M&E: A game-changer to support all the others 662.3. System strengthening: What needs to change for sustainable improvements 662.3.1. Strengthening pre-primary education to give children a head start 662.3.2. Keeping children in school and offering second chances for youth to build skills 672.3.3. Focusing on teachers to strengthen the backbone of the education system 692.3.4. Building infrastructure that enables and supports learning 712.3.5. Curriculum and assessment reforms at the heart of teaching and learning 732.3.6. Service delivery in FCV context 732.4. Beyond the system: financing and technology for education transformation 763. Conclusion 79Bibliography 824. Annexes 90Annex A. Figures 91Annex B. Simulation Model 95Enrollment Projections 95Cost of universal primary education 97Simulation model assumptions 99Contents6 Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow Summit editionList of FiguresFigure 1: Rates of return on additional years of schooling by gender 17Figure 2: Differences in earnings and wage employment probability associated with each level of education, by gender (across the Sahel G5) 17Figure 3: Trends in Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) by level of education and gender (across the Sahel G5) 18Figure 4: Trends in actual number enrolled in basic education, across the Sahel G5 (in millions) 18Figure 5: Average education of the labor force by gender, for younger and older cohorts (across the Sahel G5) 19Figure 6: Expected Years of Schooling and Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling by gender 20Figure 7: Language and mathematics proficiency level (%) in PASEC assessment 21Figure 8: Net Enrollment Rate (NER) vs Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) by level of education and gender 22Figure 9: Out-of-school and dropout rates by age and gender, across the Sahel G5 22Figure 10: GER by level of education, gender, area, and wealth quintile (across the Sahel G5) 23Figure 11: International comparison of Primary Completion Rate (PCR), and Gender Parity Index (GPI) at primary 24Figure 12: Literacy rates of the labor force by gender, for younger and older cohorts (across the Sahel G5) 25Figure 13: Youth activity (ages 15 to 24) across the Sahel G5 25Figure 14: Proximate and systemic causes of poor education outcomes 26Figure 15: Early marriage is correlated with lower secondary school enrollment rates 28Figure 16: Impact of income-generating capacity of households on the marginal probability of 15- to 24-year-old youths work/school outcomes 29Figure 17: Reasons for being out of school, primary-school-age children (6-11 years) 29Figure 18: Average gap in reading and mathematics scores between students who always or sometimes spoke the Language of Instruction at home and those who never did, PASEC 2019 33Figure 19: Sahel overall spending on education (constant 2018 US dollars), and composition of Sahel overall spending on education 36Figure 20: Education financing composition by country 37Figure 21: Public expenditure on education as share of GDP and total public spending for Sahel countries 38Figure 22: Public expenditure by education level for Sahel countries 39Figure 23: Learning-adjusted years of schooling compared with spending per child, 2019 40Figure 24: Population growth in G5 Sahel Countries 41Figure 25: Student enrollment projections in primary education under the Business as Usual scenario, million 41Figure 26: Current number of refugees, asylum-seekers, refugee returnees, internally displaced people (IDP) and IDP returnees 42Figure 27: Effect of COVID-19 on learning-adjusted years of schooling (LAYS) in the Sahel countries 43Figure 28: Share of students enrolled in private schools in 2016 46Figure 29: Strategic approach to investing in education in the Sahel 52Figure 30: Delegation of school construction management to local communities is the most cost-effective approach to primary school construction 56Figure 31: Key stakeholders must work in collaboration for community-managed construction 56ContentsSummit edition Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow 7Figure 32: Education as a share of total government budget and government spending as a share of GDP in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (%), 2017-19 77Figure 33: Additional cost of primary education delivery for 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 (million $US) 77Figure 34: Cost of primary education, as % of projected GDP 78Figure A 1: GER by level of education, gender, area, and wealth quintile 91Figure A 2: Trends in Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) by level of education and country 91Figure A 3: Trends in actual number enrolled in basic education (in millions) 92Figure A 4: Average education of the labor force, for younger and older cohorts by country 92Figure A 5: Youth activity (ages 15 to 24) in Sahelian countries, both sexes 92Figure A 6: Educational attainment of inactive youth (15-24) 93Figure A 7: Area of residence of inactive youth (15-24) 93Figure A 8: Reasons for dropping out of school after primary school completion (Girls) 93Figure A 9: Reasons for dropping out of secondary school after starting it (Girls) 94Figure A 10: Student enrollment projections in primary education under the Business as Usual scenario, million 95Figure A 11: Projected Gross Enrollment Rates in primary education under the Business as Usual scenario 96Figure A 12: Projected Net Enrollment Rates in primary education under alternative “Efficient” scenario, 2020-2030 (percent) 96Figure A 13: Student enrollment projections in primary education under the “Efficient System” scenario, million 97Figure A 14: Spending per primary education student as % of GDP per capita (2019 or the latest available data) 97Figure A 15: Additional cost of primary education delivery for 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 (million $US) 98Figure A 16: Cost of primary education, as % of projected GDP 98Figure A 17: Cost of primary education, million $US 99List of TablesTable 1: Repetition rate by level of education, gender, and area of residence 23Table 2: Youth literacy rates 24Table 3: Participation rates in pre-primary education across the Sahel 27Table 4: Proportion of female teachers in primary education in the Sahel countries with averages for Sub-Saharan Africa and countries by income level 32Table 5: Proportion of the population with the Language of Instruction (LOI) as their first language 33Table 6: Linguistic diversity in the Sahel countries 34Table 7: Government education financing per student in 2019 40Table 8: Distance learning interventions in the Sahel countries 43Table 9: Share of out-of-school children and youth (ages 6-15) reported as enrolled in informal Koranic schools across the Sahel 48Table 10: Benefits from ending child marriage 61Table 11: World Bank financing of education in the Sahel 76Table A1: Cost of primary education under alternative Efficient scenario, 2020-2030 98PHOTO BY: WORLD BANK8 Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and TomorrowPHOTO BY: WORLD BANKSummit edition Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow 9EXECUTIVE SUMMARY10 Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow Summit editionExecutive SummaryNous savons ce que nous souhaitons : que tous les enfants aillent lcole, que tous terminent leur ducation de base avec un socle commun, que leur ducation apporte des bnfices individuels et collectifs, que lapprentissage contribue une masse critique capable de transformer lconomieToutes les mmes questions se sont poses depuis lIndpendance : accs, qualit, dualit du systme - dfis persistants - comment aller vers le changement en identifiant des points dancrage ?Expert Panel Member, 2021Good education for all is the key to a better long-term fu-ture for the Sahel region. Education improves employability and incomes, narrows gender gaps, lifts families out of pov-erty, strengthens institutions, and yields benefits that echo to the next generation. The good news is that the region has taken the important first steps toward building this future. Many more children have been able to access education over the past 15 years: enrollment in the region has nearly doubled in primary ed-ucation and tripled in secondary education. And govern-ments have launched numerous initiatives and announced high-level commitments in support of education. Still, many children remain out of school, and those who are in school learn far less than they should. Of the regions primary-school-age children, 40 percent are out of school. Furthermore, the regions learning poverty rate is 88 per-centmeaning that only 12 percent of children are enrolled in school and able to read and comprehend an age-appro-priate passage by late primary age. Access is lower at other levels of education: enrollment is below 56 percent in lower secondary throughout the Sahel G5 and between 2 and 10 percent in pre-primary and tertiary. All these contributing factors result in low education attainment in the Sahel re-gion and therefore low productivity. In Niger, for example, 72 percent of current working-age adults have no education at all. In every Sahel country, fewer than 50 percent of adult females are literate, compared with 59 percent in Sub-Saha-ran Africa as a whole and 80 percent in low- and middle-in-come countries. This figure drops to 23 percent for females living in the Sahel rural areas. Even among the youngest segment of the labor forceyouth aged 15-24, reading and writing performance in the Sahel is relatively low, with liter-acy rates ranging from 45 to 66 percent, while the average in Sub-Saharan Africa is 77 percent. Additionally, the poor-est children and youth, and those affected by conflict, who most need a good education to have a chance in life, suffer the most from failings in education access and quality. The upper secondary enrollment rate is only 5 percent for the poorest rural girls, versus 100 percent for urban boys in the wealthiest quintile.Many factors have kept education from fulfilling its poten-tialnot just poor conditions in schools and classrooms, but also less visible system-level problems and soci-ety-wide barriers that go beyond the education sector. At the societal level, the Sahel region is burdened by high levels of extreme poverty, population growth, conflict, and climate change, further exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis. Some social norms, particularly around girls and education, also persist in reducing access and learning. All of this means that educators work in some of the worlds toughest conditions for teaching and learning. At the school and community level, many barriers di-rectly hamper childrens learning. First, deficiencies in early childhood development leave most children unprepared for learning and trapped in an intergener-ational cycle of low human capital. Shortages in both teaching and learning inputs, as well as inaccessible and inadequate school infrastructure, further con-strain access and learning. And education systems largely fail to support efforts at improvement in schools. Management capacity in the system is low, due to a lack of information and politi-cization of leadership, and policies and programs lack the coherence needed for them to complement each other.While a lack of money is not the root of all these problems, the limited and inefficiently spent budget undermines ef-forts to solve them. Only about 3 percent of GDP in the re-gion is spent on education, below the 4 percent in Sub-Sa-haran Africa, and the 6 percent international aspirational benchmark. Moreover, although foundations are acquired in primary school, most Sahel G5 countries spend less than 50 percent of the total on primary education. More critically, combined schooling and learning indicators reveal that all the Sahel G5 underperforms relative to what current public spending on education can achieve. Furthermore, political commitment to quality education is not sustained or inter-nalized by education ministry staff, and mostly focused on strengthening elite education.PHOTO BY: 2017 DORTE VERNER/ WORLD BANKExecutive SummarySummit edition Sahel Education White Paper The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow 11But there are many reasons for hope. Communities are playing a key role in creating and improving schools, and in a region with low government capacity, their involvement can strengthen the quality of s
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