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FIXING FOOD 2018 Written by BEST PRACTICES TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS2 About this report 3 Executive summary and key findings 4 Introduction 6 Chapter 1: Nutritional challenges 12 Chapter 2: Sustainable agriculture 20 Chapter 3: Food loss and waste 29 Conclusion 37 Appendix 39 CONTENTSF ixing food 2018: best practices towards the Sustainable Development Goals investigates best practices in food sustainability across the world. It uses the three pillarssustainable agriculture, nutritional challenges, and food loss and wasteof the Food Sustainability Index (FSI), developed by The Economist Intelligence Unit with the Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition, as a framework. Now in its third iteration, the FSI has been extended to 67 countries in 2018 (up from 34 in the 2017 edition). The Economist Intelligence Unit wishes to thank the following experts, who kindly agreed to participate in the interview programme for this report: Alfred Aziz, chief, nutrition regulations and standards division, Health Canada Soumya Balasubramanya, senior researcher, environmental and development economics, CGIAR Andrei Belyi, vice-president for Latin America and the Caribbean, TechnoServe Carrie Brownstein, global seafood quality standards co-ordinator, Whole Foods Market Ertharin Cousin, distinguished fellow of global agriculture, Chicago Council on Global Affairs Sean de Cleene, head of food security, World Economic Forum Michelle Deugd, director of agriculture, Rainforest Alliance Kevin Duffy, co-founder, Winnow Shenggen Fan, director-general, International Food Policy Research Institute Hasan Hutchinson, director-general, Office of Nutrition Policy and Programs, Health Canada Samir Ibrahim, co-founder, SunCulture David Katz, founding director, Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center Eric Olson, senior vice-president, Business for Social Responsibility Matthew Reddy, director of Climate-Smart Agriculture, World Business Council for Sustainable Development German Sturzenegger, water, sanitation and solid waste senior specialist, Inter-American Development Bank Eric Soubeiran, global nature, water cycles and human rights director, Danone Kirsten Tobey, co-founder, Revolution Foods Solitaire Townsend, co-founder, Futerra Sally Uren, chief executive, Forum for the Future Fokko Wientjes, vice-president of nutrition in emerging markets and food systems transformation, DSM This report was written by Sarah Murray and edited by Martin Koehring of The Economist Intelligence Unit. The development of the FSI was led by Katherine Stewart of The Economist Intelligence Units Public Policy, Economics and Politics team. November 2018 ABOUT THIS REPORT 34 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY TOP QUARTILE (Score 67.8 to 74.8) France 75 Japan 72 Spain 70 Germany 70 Sweden 69 Portugal 69 South Korea 68 Italy 68 Hungary 68 SECOND QUARTILE Score 61 to 67.7 UK 67 Canada 66 Ethiopia 64 Colombia 63 Australia 63 Israel 62 Turkey 62 US 61 THIRD QUARTILE Score 57.2 to 60.9 South Africa 61 Argentina 61 Greece 60 Russia 60 Mexico 60 China 59 Nigeria 58 Jordan 58 BOTTOM QUARTILE Score 39.1 to 57.1 Saudi Arabia 57 Egypt 56 Brazil 55 Morocco 53 Tunisia 52 Lebanon 51 Indonesia 51 India 49 UAE 39 I n October 2018 a new report from the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued alarming news: the world will feel the effects of climate change far sooner than was once thought, and in order to limit global warming and avoid its negative effects, there is a need for “rapid far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society”. 1With estimates that agricultural activities account for up to 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the actions needed include addressing the sustainability of the global food system. As this report shows, most agree that this must be done while feeding an increasingly hungry world. The task looks daunting. While progress has been made in recent years on combating extreme hunger, a growing global population will mean meeting rising demand for food. And as emerging markets become more affluent, demand for higher-quality, resource-intensive foods is increasing too. Meanwhile, nutritional challenges range from tackling obesity to reducing malnutrition and poor access to vitamins and minerals. To assess the challenges and highlight solutions and best practices, this report incorporates the latest findings from the Food Sustainability Index (FSI). Using the three pillars of nutrition, sustainable agriculture, and food loss and waste, the index provides a tool that can shed light on the progress countries are making on the path to a more sustainable food system. The indicators measured by the FSI can also highlight how food sustainability can help to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the objectives of the Paris Agreement to combat climate change and accelerate moves to a low-carbon future. When it comes to nutritional challenges, policymakers, companies, health authorities and other stakeholders need to address a complex range of challenges. On the one hand, malnutrition and a lack of 1IPCC 2018, press release, ipcc.ch/pdf/session48/ pr_181008_P48_spm_en.pdf access to sufficient vitamins and minerals remains a problem. On the other, poor diets have led to a global obesity epidemic with health consequences such as a rise in the incidence of diabetes. Policies and best practices range from the development of eating guidelines to the imposition of taxes that discourage unhealthy consumption patterns and new educational programmes. Market forces could play a role in improving global nutrition, too. There is evidence of a rise in demand for healthy, sustainable foods. This is encouraging both start-ups and established companies to seize the opportunities to expand their markets by developing new healthy and sustainable food products to meet this new demand. 45 TOP QUARTILE (Score 67.8 to 74.8) France 75 Japan 72 Spain 70 Germany 70 Sweden 69 Portugal 69 South Korea 68 Italy 68 Hungary 68 SECOND QUARTILE Score 61 to 67.7 UK 67 Canada 66 Ethiopia 64 Colombia 63 Australia 63 Israel 62 Turkey 62 US 61 THIRD QUARTILE Score 57.2 to 60.9 South Africa 61 Argentina 61 Greece 60 Russia 60 Mexico 60 China 59 Nigeria 58 Jordan 58 BOTTOM QUARTILE Score 39.1 to 57.1 Saudi Arabia 57 Egypt 56 Brazil 55 Morocco 53 Tunisia 52 Lebanon 51 Indonesia 51 India 49 UAE 39 When it comes to sustainable agriculture, the challenge will be to reduce losses and minimise the environmental footprint of food production, while producing nutritious and sustainable food for all. From the manufacture of chemical fertilisers and pesticides to the irrigation of fields and livestock husbandry, food production takes a heavy toll on the environment. Its impacts include the emission of GHGs, the consumption of water, and the pollution and degradation of soil and land. Best practices include “sustainable intensification” , which entails finding ways of increasing agricultural yields while conserving natural resources and reducing pollution and the emission of GHGs. New technologies such as soil sensors and satellite monitoring can help, enabling resources to be used more efficiently through precision farming. However, there is a growing recognition that traditional farming and the practices found in agroecology also have great potential. These practices are particularly relevant given the worlds reliance on smallholder farmers, who produce 70% of the worlds food and often need help in generating sufficient yields to earn a living while adopting more sustainable farming practices. Given that enough food is already being produced to feed the global population, a critical tool in the sustainable expansion of food availability will be addressing food loss and waste. Vast amounts of food are wasted globally, through the loss of fresh produce and crops before they reach markets and through the food thrown away by consumers. Solutions include investment in transport infrastructure and better storage facilities as well as training for farmers in best practices in harvesting and storing crops. Digital technologies are helping to connect more efficiently those selling agricultural produce with buyers. And in consumer markets, everything from more effective food labelling to awareness-raising education programmes and food donations is being used to prevent edible food from going to waste. In this reportreflecting the three pillars of the FSIChapter 1 discusses nutritional challenges and their solutions, Chapter 2 examines the best practices needed to reach a sustainable agricultural system and Chapter 3 addresses food loss and waste. Yet what emerges from the research is that all three are closely interlinked, calling for holistic solutions and best practices, joined-up thinking and collaboration by those working at every stage in the global food chain. 56 The food-sustainability challenges faced by low-, middle- and high-income countries can differ significantly. Hence, we have divided the FSI results by World Bank income group. France is in first place among 35 high-income countries in the 2018 edition of the FSI, followed by the Netherlands and Canada. Frances strong showing rests on high scores across the FSIs three pillars: nutritional challenges, sustainable agriculture, and food loss and waste. Its performance is particularly strong in the food loss and waste category. In a world where a third of all food produced globally is either lost or discarded, according to estimates from the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), France has been in the vanguard of policies and measures to reduce such losses, for example via best-practice legislation requiring supermarkets to redistribute leftover food to charities serving poor communities. The US languishes in 22nd place among the 35 high- income countries. This poor showing is driven by a weak performance in the FSIs nutritional challenges pillar (34th out of 35 countries). It performs poorly in indicators such as prevalence of overweight, physical activity and dietary patterns (eg, characterised by diets high in sugar, meat, saturated fat and sodium). The US performs relatively better in the food loss and waste category, where it is 11th among 35 high- income countries. With 0.8% of food production lost post-harvest, food loss is relatively low compared with other high-income countries, and the countrys policy response is also relatively strong. However, annual food waste per head in the US, at 95.1kg, is the highest of all countries included in the FSI. In sustainable agriculture, the USs performance is below average (22nd out of 35). The countrys ranking is dragged down by a poor performance in the land and water sub-categories, which is only partly offset by a better showing in the air category. Colombia is the leading middle-income country, out of 23, thanks in particular to high scores in sustainable agriculture and nutritional challenges. In the sustainable agriculture pillar, Colombia is first in this income group, with top performances in the land (1st out of 23 countries), air (2nd) and water (3rd) sub-categories. In food loss and waste, Colombia is 6th among middle-income countries and 2nd for nutritional challenges. China is second overall in the middle-income group of countries. The country is first in both the food loss and waste and nutritional challenges categories in this income group. For China, the biggest problem is sustainable agriculture, particularly the air category: China gets the lowest possible score of all countries for greenhouse-gas emissions from agriculture, for example. Moreover, the environmental impact of agriculture on water is also a major issue. Among nine low-income countries, Rwanda shows the strongest performance overall, well ahead of Uganda in second place and Ethiopia in third. Rwandas dietary patterns are characterised by diets that are comparatively low in sugar, meat, saturated fat and sodium, supporting the countrys high ranking in the nutritional challenges pillar. That said, malnourishment remains a problem, where the country is in the bottom half among low-income countries. Prevalence of undernourishment is high (41.1% of the population, according to FAO data), and prevalence of stunting among children under five years of age remains high. However, Rwanda is the best-performing country from sub-Saharan Africa in terms of micronutrient deficiency. Rwanda also gets high marks for sustainable agricultural practices, such as the sustainability of agricultural water withdrawals on renewable sources. This is crucial because agriculture is responsible for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals. KEY FINDINGS7 7 TABLE 1A SUMMARY TABLE OF FSI 2018 RESULTS FOR HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES Note: Scores are scaled from 0 to 100, where 100 = the highest sustainability and greatest progress towards meeting environmental, societal and economic Key Performance Indicators. Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, Food Sustainability Index 2018 OVERALL FOOD LOSS AND WASTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE NUTRITIONAL CHALLENGES1. France 76.1 1. France 85.8 1. Austria 79.9 1. Japan 76.52. Netherlands 75.6 2. Argentina 83.4 2. Denmark 79.6 2. South Korea 75.63. Canada 75.3 3. Luxembourg 83.2 3. Israel 78.3 3. Denmark 73.14. Finland 74.1 4. Canada 82.1 =4. Germany 78.0 4. Sweden 72.45. Japan 73.8 5. Netherlands 80.7 =4. Poland 78.0 5. Ireland 72.1 =6. Czech Republic 73.5 6. Czech Republic 80.4 6. Netherlands 77.1 6. Portugal 71.9 =6. Denmark 73.5 7. Finland 80.2 7. Hungary 76.7 7. Finland 71.58. Sweden 73.4 =8. Spain 78.9 8. Ireland 76.4 8. France 71.49. Austria 73.3 =8. UK 78.9 9. Belgium 74.6 =9. Canada 70.9 10. Hungary 72.5 10. Hungary 78.3 10. Czech Republic 74.5 =9. Croatia 70.9 11. Australia 71.8 11. US 77.7 =11. Australia 73.4 11. Austria 70.7 12. Argentina 71.5 12. Australia 77.5 =11. Japan 73.4 12. UK 69.7 13. Croatia 71.4 13. Croatia 77.1 =11. South Korea 73.4 13. Slovakia 69.6 14. Poland 71.3 14. Sweden 75.0 14. Canada 73.0 =14. Estonia 69.0 15. Germany 71.2 15. Estonia 73.7 15. Sweden 72.7 =14. Netherlands 69.0 16. Ireland 71.0 16. Japan 71.6 16. France 71.0 16. Belgium 68.8 17. Spain 70.9 17. Poland 71.5 17. Malta 70.8 17. Malta 68.5 18. Estonia 70.8 18. Italy 70.6 18. Finland 70.4 18. Greece 67.8 19. Portugal 70.6 19. Portugal 70.0 19. Italy 70.2 19. Cyprus 67.7 20. South Korea 70.5 20. Germany 69.5 20. Portugal 69.7 AVERAGE 67.7 21. UK 70.0 AVERAGE 69.5 21. Estonia 69.6 20. Spain 67.3 AVERAGE 68.8 21. Austria 69.1 AVERAGE 69.2 =21. Luxembourg 67.0 22. US 68.6 22. Latvia 68.2 22. US 68.6 =21. Slovenia 67.0 23. Italy 68.1 23. Denmark 6
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