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UNCTADECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA REPORT 2019UNITED NATIONS“The UNCTAD Economic Development in Africa Report 2019 makes a valuable contribution to ongoing discussions on rules of origin, which are an important facilitator of intraregional trade in Africa. Rules of origin are a vital component in all market access agreements undertaken in accordance with World Trade Organization rules. This timely report recognizes the role that context-specific rules of origin can play in contributing to the successful implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area which is of importance to us all.”Roberto Azevdo Director-General, World Trade OrganizationUNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN“Rules of origin in the African Continental Free Trade Area lie at the core of what it is means for goods to be made in Africa and for Africa. At the eve of the entry into force of the worlds largest free trade area, this report provides the basis for decision-making over the right set of rules of origin for the development of a selection of African value chains. I am proud to count the report among the contributions of UNCTAD as a strategic partner of the African Union for the African Continental Free Trade Area.”Mukhisa Kituyi Secretary-General, United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentREPORT 2019Made in AfricaRules of origin for enhanced intra-African tradeThe advent of the African Continental Free Trade Area represents a historic opportunity for the continent to boost intra-African trade and accelerate structural transformation. However, this relies on a critical policy instrument the effective implementation of preferential trade liberalization among the members of the African Continental Free Trade Area. Whether African firms, in practice, will use tariff preferences under the African Continental Free Trade Area depends on a critical factor: rules of origin and the net benefits of complying with them. The Economic Development in Africa Report 2019 argues for the adoption of lenient and flexible rules of origin and a strengthening of institutional capacities to ensure impartial, transparent and predictable implementation of agreed rules of origin. unctad/Africa/seriesEMBARGOThe contents of this Report must not be quoted or summarized in the print, broadcast or electronic media before 26 June 2019, 17:00 GMT“This years edition of the UNCTAD Economic Development in Africa Report is an important contribution to the understanding of rules of origin in the African Continental Free Trade Area. It is a valuable policy tool that will be complementary to the online Rules of Origin Facilitator of the International Trade Centre. The work of our two institutions on this critical issue can help set the basis for simpler and more transparent rules of origin and, in turn, make it easier for microenterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises to expand their intra-Africa trade.”Arancha Gonzlez Executive Director, International Trade Centre “A major milestone towards achieving economic sustainability of the African continent is the entry into force of the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, which will further enhance regional integration and trade facilitation. The World Customs Organization believes that this offers African leaders an opportunity to agree upon an ambitious and tailor-made set of rules of origin that will serve to reinvigorate intracontinental trade and development. This report makes a significant contribution in support of this African initiative”Kunio Mikuriya Secretary-General, World Customs Organization“In a world of spreading preferential trade agreements and of growth of trade in tasks, rules of origin stand in the middle, which risks making these two incompatible. Nowhere is this more evident than in Africa. This report is the first in-depth scrutiny of the challenges ahead on the road towards the necessary convergence of rules of origin across the regional economic communities.”Jaime de Melo Senior Fellow, Foundation for Studies and Research on International DevelopmentUNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTEconomic Development in Africa Report 2019Made in Africa Rules of Origin for Enhanced Intra-African TradeGeneva, 2019 2019, United NationsAll rights reserved worldwideRequests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017, United States of AmericaEmail: publicationsunWebsite: un/publicationsThe designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply theendorsement of the United Nations.References to country names in this publication correspond to the names in use historically during the periods for which data were reviewed.United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2019 ISBN: 978-92-1-112943-4eISBN: 978-92-1-003974-1ISSN: 1990-5114eISSN: 1990-5122Sales No. E.19.II.D.7Economic Development in Africa Report 2019viAcknowledgementsThe Economic Development in Africa Report 2019: Made in Africa Rules of Origin for Enhanced Intra-African Trade was prepared by Junior Davis (team leader), Constantine Bartel, Bineswaree Bolaky, Milasoa Cherel-Robson, Matthew Heiden, Aminata Loum, Jane Muthumbi, Simon Neumuller, Claudia Roethlisberger, Carlotta Schuster, Giovanni Valensisi and Stefanie West (the report team). The work was completed under the overall supervision of Paul Akiwumi, Director of the UNCTAD Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes.An ad hoc expert group meeting on maximizing opportunities for value addition and trade creation through the African Continental Free Trade Area was held in Geneva, on 10 and 11 January 2019, to conduct a peer review of the report. The meeting brought together specialists in African trade, regional integration and rules of origin. The following people participated in the meeting and contributed to the report: Jaime De Melo (Professor, University of Geneva), David Luke (Economic Commission for Africa), Darlan Marti (World Trade Organization) and Stefan Moser (independent consultant). Yinka Bandele (Commonwealth Secretariat), Sotheara Kong (World Trade Organization), Peter Lunenborg (South Centre), Nassim Oulmane (World Trade Organization), Thomas Verbeet (World Trade Organization) and members of the Economic Development in Africa Report team also attended the meeting. The following UNCTAD staff members took part in the meeting and/or made comments on the draft report: Celine Bacrot, Lisa Borgatti, Hamed El Kady, Stefanie Garry, Stefano Inama, Taisuke Ito, Alexandra Laurent, Mingcong Li, Janvier Nkurunziza, Bonapas Onguglo, Matfobhi Riba, Michaela Summerer, Antipas Touatam, Rolf Traeger and Anida Yupari.Judith Leclercq provided administrative support; Nadge Hadjmian designed the cover; Adriana Daz Fuenmayor was responsible for the layout, infographics and desktop publishing; Rudaina Aloufi and Magali Studer also designed infographics; and the Intergovernmental Support Service of UNCTAD edited the report.UNCTAD expresses its appreciation to the African Union Commission for comments on the draft report.Made in Africa Rules of Origin for Enhanced Intra-African TradeviiNoteCountry-level detailed figures are available on request to the UNCTAD secretariat.In tables, a hyphen (-) indicates that the item is not applicable.Any references to dollars ($) are to United States dollars.Made in Africa Rules of Origin for Enhanced Intra-African TradeixContentsForeword xiAbbreviations xiiiRegional classifications and membership of regional economic communities xivGlossary xviINTRODUCTIONMade in Africa: Rules of origin for enhanced intra-African trade 1CHAPTER 1On the road to the African Continental Free Trade Area: Challenges and opportunities 131.1 Introduction: Challenges, opportunities and the role of rules of origin 131.2 The vision of the Abuja treaty, regional value chains and the African Continental Free Trade Area 151.3 The state of trade in Africa: Key impediments and prospects 191.4 Potential gains for Africa from the African Continental Free Trade Area 351.5 Why do rules of origin matter for the African Continental Free Trade Area? 441.6 Conclusion 48CHAPTER 2 The role of preferential rules of origin in African trade 512.1 Introduction 512.2 What are preferential rules of origin? 542.3 Rules of origin for African trade 632.4 Empirical relationship between rules of origin and African trade 742.5 Conclusion 94CHAPTER 3The African Continental Free Trade Area, regional value chains and rules of origin 973.1 Introduction 973.2 Tea value chain 1003.3 Cocoachocolate value chain and scope for commodity-based industrialization 1083.4 Cottonapparel value chain 1203.5 Beverage value chain, rules of origin and regional integration 134Economic Development in Africa Report 2019x3.6 Cement value chain, rules of origin and regional integration 1443.7 Automotive value chain, rules of origin and regional integration 1503.8 Key insights from the six case studies: Synthesis 159CHAPTER 4The rules of the game: Implementation of rules of origin 1694.1 The African Continental Free Trade Area and the implementation of its rules of origin 1694.2 Expanding cumulation to facilitate compliance with origin requirements 1744.3 Documentary requirements and compliance costs 1774.4 Institutional set-up, transparency and dispute-settlement mechanisms 183 4.5 Implementation of rules of origin 1854.6 Using new technology 1894.7 Monitoring 1904.8 Shared goals, different capacities and perspectives 1904.9 Conclusions 192CHAPTER 5Main messages and recommendations 1955.1 Introduction 1955.2 Main findings 1975.3 Main messages and policy recommendations 198FIGURES1. Trade (exports and imports, all products) to rest of world by region 202. Intraregional merchandise trade (all products) by region 213. Intra-regional economic community trade in Africa,20102012 and 20142016 224. Composition of exports from Africa, 20142016 average 255. Product complexity index, weighted by trade flows, 20102012 and 20142016 266. Cost to import and export: Selected trade facilitation indicatorsby region, 2016 337. Ad valorem equivalents of non-tariff measures in Africa 348. Top 40 intra-African agricultural-exports, 20142016 409. Rules of origin: Subcriteria for determining substantial transformation 5410. Bilateral, diagonal and full cumulation 6011. Africa: 20 products with highest import values, 20142016 average 8212. Africa: 20 products with highest export values, 20142016 average 83
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