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United NationsThe Sustainable Development Goals Report2018Contents3 Foreword4 Overview16 A data revolution in motion18 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation22 Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy24 Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities26 Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production28 Goal 15: Life on land30 Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals 34 Note to the reader35 Regional groupingsUnited Nations New York, 2018The Sustainable Development Goals Report 20183ForewordThe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a global blueprint for dignity, peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future. Three years into the implementation of the Agenda, countries are translating this shared vision into national development plans and strategies. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 highlights progress being made in many areas of the 2030 Agenda. Since the turn of the century, the maternal mortality ratio in sub-Saharan Africa has declined by 35 per cent and the under-five mortality rate has dropped by 50 per cent. In South Asia, a girls risk of marrying in childhood has declined by over 40 per cent. And, in the least developed countries, the proportion of the people with access to electricity has more than doubled. Globally, labour productivity has increased and unemployment rate decreased. More than 100 countries have sustainable consumption and production policies and initiatives.However, the report also shows that, in some areas, progress is insufficient to meet the Agendas goals and targets by 2030. This is especially true for the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Youth are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. Less than half of all children and adolescents meet minimum standards in reading and mathematics. In 2015, 2.3 billion people still lacked even a basic level of sanitation service and 892 million people continued to practise open defecation. Close to 1 billion mostly rural people still lack electricity. In sub-Saharan Africa, the HIV incidence among women of reproductive age is 10 times the global average. Nine out of 10 people living in cities breathe polluted air. And, while some forms of discrimination against women and girls are declining, gender inequality continues to hold women back and deprives them of basic rights and opportunities. Conflict, climate change and growing inequalities add additional challenges. After a prolonged decline, the number of undernourished people rose from 777 million in 2015 to 815 million in 2016, mainly due to conflicts and drought and disasters linked to climate change. In 2017, the North Atlantic hurricane season was the most costly ever, and the past five-year average global temperature is the highest on record. Without evidence of where we stand now we cannot confidently chart our path forward in realizing the Sustainable Development Goals. To that end, this report also reflects on the challenges faced in the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of reliable, timely, accessible and sufficiently disaggregated data, and calls for better evidence-based policymaking. Todays technology makes it possible to collate the data we need to keep the promise to leave no one behind. But, we need political leadership, resources and commitment to use the tools now available.With just 12 years left to the 2030 deadline, we must inject a sense of urgency. Achieving the 2030 Agenda requires immediate and accelerated actions by countries along with collaborative partnerships among governments and stakeholders at all levels. This ambitious Agenda necessitates profound change that goes beyond business as usual. In doing its part, the United Nations has launched reform initiatives to reposition the United Nations development system to deliver on the 2030 Agenda. The objective is to be more effective, cohesive and accountable. We stand ready to work with all Member States to make the Sustainable Development Goals a reality for everyone, everywhere. Antnio GUTERRES Secretary-General, United NationsThe Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 4OverviewThe Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 reviews progress in the third year of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This overview presents highlights of progress and remaining gaps for all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), based on the latest available data, and examines some of the interconnections across Goals and targets. Subsequent chapters focus in more depth on the six Goals under review at the high-level political forum on sustainable development in July 2018. While people overall are living better lives than they were a decade ago, progress to ensure that no one is left behind has not been rapid enough to meet the targets of the 2030 Agenda. Indeed, the rate of global progress is not keeping pace with the ambitions of the Agenda, necessitating immediate and accelerated action by countries and stakeholders at all levels. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhereEconomic losses attributed to disasterswere over $300 billion in 2017Only 45 per cent of the worlds populationare covered by at least one socialprotection cash benefitWhile extreme poverty has eased considerably since 1990, pockets of the worst forms of poverty persist. Ending poverty requires universal social protection systems aimed at safeguarding all individuals throughout the life cycle. It also requires targeted measures to reduce vulnerability to disasters and to address specific underserved geographic areas within each country.fThe rate of extreme poverty has fallen rapidly: in 2013 it was a third of the 1990 value. The latest global estimate suggests that 11 per cent of the world population, or 783 million people, lived below the extreme poverty threshold in 2013. fThe proportion of the worlds workers living with their families on less than $1.90 per person a day declined significantly over the past two decades, falling from 26.9 per cent in 2000 to 9.2 per cent in 2017.fBased on 2016 estimates, only 45 per cent of the worlds population were effectively covered by at least one social protection cash benefit. fIn 2017, economic losses attributed to disasters were estimated at over $300 billion. This is among the highest losses in recent years, owing to three major hurricanes affecting the United States of America and several countries across the Caribbean. Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agricultureWorld hunger is on the rise again: 815 million people were undernourishedin 2016, up from 777 million in 2015Stunting, wasting and overweight still affected millions of children under age 5 in 2017 2015 20162000Stunting151millionOverweight38millionWasting51millionAfter a prolonged decline, world hunger appears to be on the rise again. Conflict, drought and disasters linked to climate change are among the key factors causing this reversal in progress. fThe proportion of undernourished people worldwide increased from 10.6 per cent in 2015 to 11.0 per cent in 2016. This translates to 815 million people worldwide in 2016, up from 777 million in 2015.fIn 2017, 151 million children under age 5 suffered from stunting (low height for their age), 51 million suffered from wasting (low weight for height), and 38 million were overweight.fAid to agriculture in developing countries totalled $12.5 billion in 2016, falling to 6 per cent of all donors sector-allocable aid from nearly 20 per cent in the mid-1980s. fProgress has been made in reducing market-distorting agricultural subsidies, which were more than halved in five yearsfrom $491 million in 2010 to less than $200 million in 2015.fIn 2016, 26 countries experienced high or moderately high levels of general food prices, which may have negatively affected food security.5OverviewGoal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesMany more people today are living healthier lives than in the past decade. Nevertheless, people are still suffering needlessly from preventable diseases, and too many are dying prematurely. Overcoming disease and ill health will require concerted and sustained efforts, focusing on population groups and regions that have been neglected. Births attended by skilled health personnel increased globally2012-201762% 80%2000-2005210 million cases ofmalaria in 2013216 million cases ofmalaria in 2016The world is not on track to end malaria by 2030HIV incidence rate for women ofreproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa is 10 times higher than the global averageHIV incidence per1,000 uninfected people0.260.01.02.03.02.58Under-5 deaths fell between 2000 and 2016201620009.9mill5.6millReproductive, maternal, newborn and child healthfThe maternal mortality ratio has declined by 37 per cent since 2000. Nevertheless, in 2015, 303,000 women around the world died due to complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Over the period 20122017, almost 80 per cent of live births worldwide occurred with the assistance of skilled health personnel, up from 62 per cent in 20002005. fGlobally, from 2000 to 2016, the under-5 mortality rate dropped by 47 per cent, and the neonatal mortality rate fell by 39 per cent. Over the same period, the total number of under-5 deaths dropped from 9.9 million to 5.6 million. fEven in the region facing the greatest health challenges, progress has been impressive. Since 2000, the maternal mortality ratio in sub-Saharan Africa has been reduced by 35 per cent, and the under-5 mortality rate has dropped by 50 per cent. fIn 2018, the global adolescent birth rate is 44 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19, compared to 56 in 2000. The highest rate (101) is found in sub-Saharan Africa.Infectious diseases and non-communicable diseasesfGlobally, the incidence of HIV declined from 0.40 to 0.26 per 1,000 uninfected people between 2005 and 2016. For women of reproductive age in sub-Saharan Africa, however, the rate is much higher, at 2.58 per 1,000 uninfected people.fIn 2016, 216 million cases of malaria were reported versus 210 million cases in 2013. There were 140 new cases of tuberculosis per 100,000 people in 2016 compared to 173 cases per 100,000 in 2000. Hepatitis B prevalence declined among children under 5from 4.7 per cent in the pre-vaccine era to 1.3 per cent in 2015.fIn 2016, 1.5 billion people were reported to require mass or individual treatment and care for neglected tropical diseases, down from 1.6 billion in 2015 and 2 billion in 2010.fUnsafe drinking water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene continue to be major contributors to global mortality, resulting in about 870,000 deaths in 2016. These deaths were mainly caused by diarrhoeal diseases, but also from malnutrition and intestinal nematode infections. fGlobally, 32 million people died in 2016 due to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease. The probability of dying from these causes was about 18 per cent in 2016 for people between 30 and 70 years of age. fIn 2016, household and outdoor air pollution led to some 7 million deaths worldwide.Health systems and funding fGlobally, almost 12 per cent of the worlds population (over 800 million people) spent at least one tenth of their household budgets to pay for health services in 2010, up from 9.7 per cent in 2000.fOfficial development assistance (ODA) for basic health from all donors increased by 41 per cent in real terms since 2010, reaching $9.4 billion in 2016. fAvailable data from 2005 to 2016 indicate that close to 45 per cent of all countries and 90 per cent of least developed countries (LDCs) have less than one physician per 1,000 people, and over 60 per cent have fewer than three nurses or midwives per 1,000 people. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 6Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for allMore trained teachers are needed for quality educationMore than half of children and adolescents are not achieving minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics World85%SouthernAsia71%Sub-SaharanAfrica61%020406080100Percentage of trainedteachers in primary education58%More than half of children and adolescents worldwide are not meeting minimum proficiency standards in reading and mathematics. Refocused efforts are needed to improve the quality of education. Disparities in education along the lines of gender, urban-rural location and other dimensions still run deep, and more investments in education infrastructure are required, particularly in LDCs. fAt the global level, the participation rate in early childhood and primary education was 70 per cent in 2016, up from 63 per cent in 2010. The lowest rates are found in sub-Saharan Africa (41 per cent) and Northern Africa and Western Asia (52 per cent).fAn estimated 617 million children and adolescents of primary and lower secondary school age worldwide58 per cent of that age groupare not achieving minimum proficiency in reading and mathematics. fIn 2016, an estimated 85 per cent of primary school teachers worldwide were trained; the proportion was only 71 per cent for Southern Asia and 61 per cent for sub-Saharan Africa.fIn 2016, only 34 per cent of primary schools in LDCs had electricity and less than 40 per cent were equipped with basic handwashing facilities. Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girlsWomen spendabout three timesas many hours in unpaid domestic and care work as men3 x2000 201740%Child marriage in Southern Asiadecreased by over 40 per centbetween 2000 and 2017 While some forms of discrimination against women and girls are diminishing, gender inequality continues to hold women back and deprives them of basic rights and opportunities. Empowering women requires addressing structural issues such as unfair social norms and attitudes as well as developing progressive legal frameworks that promote equality between women and men.fBased on 20052016 data from 56 countries, 20 per cent of adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 who have ever been in a sexual relationship experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner in the 12 months prior to the survey.fGlobally, around 2017, an estimated 21 per cent of women between 20 and 24 years of age reported that they were married or in an informal union before age 18. This means that an estimated 650 million girls and women today were married in childhood. Rates of child marriage have continued to decline around the world. In Southern Asia, a girls risk of marrying in childhood has dropped by over 40 per cent since around 2000. fAround 2017, one in three girls aged 15 to 19 had been subjected to female genital mutilation in the 30 countries where the practice is concentrated, compared to nearly one in two around 2000.fBased on data between 2000 and 2016 from about 90 countries, women spend roughly three times as many hours in unpaid domestic and care work as men.
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